AMOLED

An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix of OLED pixels generating light (luminescence) upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin-film transistor (TFT) array, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual pixel. Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence), with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the pixel, thereby eliminating the need for the very high currents required for passive-matrix OLED operation. TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabrication of AMOLED displays. In AMOLEDs, the two primary TFT backplane technologies, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si), are currently used offering the potential for directly fabricating the active-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150 °C) onto flexible plastic substrates for producing flexible AMOLED displays. ==History==

AMOLED display research was initiated by Steven Van Slyke and Ching Wan Tang, who pioneered the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology at Eastman Kodak Co. in 1979. The first AMOLED displays were introduced in the early 2000s, with Samsung being the first company to commercialize AMOLED displays. One of the earliest consumer electronics products with an AMOLED display was the mobile handset, BenQ-Siemens S88. In 2007, the iriver Clix 2 portable media player. In 2008 it appeared on the Nokia N85 followed by the Samsung i7110 - both Nokia and Samsung Electronics were early adopters of this technology on their smartphones. smartphone using the RGBG system of the PenTile matrix family Future development Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process. Researchers at DuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to optimize coating processes for a new solution-coated AMOLED display technology that is competitive in cost and performance with existing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short and long-range film-thickness control and uniformity that is commercially viable at large glass sizes. == Comparison to other display technologies ==

AMOLED displays are proved to be better at providing higher refresh rates than those of passive-matrix, often have response times less than a millisecond, and they consume significantly less power. The amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown. As an example, one old OLED display consumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a black background, but more than 0.7 watts showing black text on a white background, while an LCD may consume only a constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shown on screen. A new FHD+ or WQHD+ display will consume much more. AMOLED displays are often difficult to see in direct sunlight compared with LCDs because of their reduced maximum brightness. The organic materials used in AMOLED displays are very prone to degradation over a relatively short period of time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades faster than another, image persistence, or burn-in. == Super AMOLED ==

Super AMOLED is a marketing term created by Samsung for an AMOLED display where the touch screen digitizer, the layer that detects touch, is integrated into the display and cannot be separated from the display itself, rather than being overlaid on top of it. When compared with a regular LCD, a regular AMOLED display consumes less power, provides more vivid picture quality, and renders faster motion response. However, Super AMOLED is even better at this with 20% brighter screen, 20% lower power consumption and 80% less sunlight reflection. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight as the first generation AMOLED. Super AMOLED displays, while known for their vivid colors and deep blacks, also have some drawbacks, including higher manufacturing costs, potential for screen burn-in, and shorter lifespan compared to some other technologies. == Devices with AMOLED and Super AMOLED ==

Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus resolutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type. == Display devices with AMOLED technologies ==

Flagship smartphones sold in 2020 and 2021 used AMOLED. These displays, such as the one on the Galaxy S21+ / S21 Ultra and Galaxy Note 20 Ultra have often been compared to IPS LCDs, found in phones such as the Xiaomi Mi 10T, Huawei Nova 5T, and Samsung Galaxy A20e. For example, according to ABI Research, the AMOLED display found in the Motorola Moto X draws just 92 mA during bright conditions and 68 mA while dim. On the other hand, compared with the IPS, the yield rate of AMOLED is low; the cost is also higher. == Future ==

Future displays exhibited from 2011 to 2013 by Samsung have shown flexible, 3D, transparent Super AMOLED Plus displays using very high resolutions and in varying sizes for phones. These unreleased prototypes use a polymer as a substrate removing the need for glass cover, a metal backing, and touch matrix, combining them into one integrated layer. So far, Samsung plans on branding the newer displays as Youm, or y-octa. Also planned for the future are 3D stereoscopic displays that use eye-tracking (via stereoscopic front-facing cameras) to provide full resolution 3D visuals. Recent progress in blue OLED materials, particularly the commercial adoption of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and novel phosphorescent compounds, has addressed one of the biggest hurdles for AMOLED displays: the relatively short lifespan and lower efficiency of blue emitters. In 2024, Samsung announced a breakthrough blue OLED with a TADF design, extending operational lifetime up to 100,000 hours and reducing power consumption in high-end AMOLED panels. ==See also==