Angela Vode

Angela Vode was born in Ljubljana, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After graduating from the teachers college in Ljubljana in 1912, she worked as a teacher in several schools. In 1921, she undertook specialization in teaching mentally disabled children. For the next 25 years, she worked as a teacher-defectologist. Vode was one of the first women's rights activists in Slovenia, and one of the first organizers of human rights groups. In the interwar period, she was elected president of the Women's Movement of Yugoslavia and president of Female Teachers' Society of Slovenia. In 1922, she joined the illegal Communist Party of Yugoslavia. ==The conflict with the Communist Party and World War II==

In 1939, Vode sharply criticized the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which led to her exclusion from the Communist Party. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in early April 1941, Vode urged for a united anti-Fascist front, criticising Slovene communists who had been supporting Stalin's collaboration with Hitler. In spite of her conflict with the Communist Party, Vode joined the Communist-led Liberation Front of the Slovenian People after the Nazi German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, when the Yugoslav Communists decided to launch an armed struggle against the Axis occupation forces. Vode became one of the members of Supreme Plenum of the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People as a representative of Slovene women's movements. In late 1941, she joined the group Stara Pravda ("Old Justice") led by the left wing activist Črtomir Nagode. In 1942, Nagode's group was expelled from the Liberation Front because of constant disagreements with Slovene Communists. After her expulsion from the underground resistance movement, Vode continued with charity on her own hand. While life was difficult in the Italian-occupied Province of Ljubljana, matters were even worse in the German-occupied part of Slovenia. In the Province of Ljubljana, there were many Slovene refugees that fled the German-occupied zone, in order to escape the brutal anti-Slovene policies of Nazi Germany. Vode organized aid for these refugees. In 1942, the Italian occupation forces started executing hostages in the Province of Ljubljana. Vode wrote a petition to Benito Mussolini and started collecting signatures, trying to save the lives of the hostages. The Slovene Communist organization prevented her from collecting signatures and destroyed the petition. This was apparently done so that the Communist organization could maintain its position as the only viable force fighting the occupation forces in Slovenia - a key element in legitimating the Communist takeover of power after the war. In spring of 1943, Vode was arrested by the Italian Fascist authorities, and spent several weeks in jail. In January 1944, she was arrested by the Germans and sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp. She returned home after several months, in late autumn 1944, exhausted but alive. ==Persecution under Communism==

After World War II she continued to work as a teacher. In 1947, she was arrested by the Communist Yugoslav secret police, imprisoned, and tortured for two months. In autumn of 1947, she was put to trial at the Nagode Trial, a show trial organized against several renowned Slovene pro-Western politicians and activists. All of them were accused of being enemies of the working class, agents of capitalism, western spies, etc. They were all sentenced to death or long term imprisonment and cancellation of all rights. Vode was accused of "writing an extensive spy report on the political and economic situation in Slovenia in which she wrote heavy defamations on people's authorities concerning the war and intended to present it to a representative of the American Red Cross in Yugoslavia". She was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment and cancellation of all rights for further five years. She was released after six years, probably because of pressures of international organisations on Tito's Yugoslavia. After her release from prison, Vode became a nonperson, that is a person without any rights. She couldn't have a job or any personal income. She didn't have medical insurance neither social support. She couldn't get a passport. Her name was prohibited in public: she was prevented from publishing, while her works could not be quoted in books or articles. She was totally in care of her sister Ivanka Špindler for several years. She was given her passport back only in the mid-1970s. Her first public appearance happened shortly before her death in the mid-1980s, when she gave an interview for the alternative journal Nova revija. She died in Ljubljana in 1985. ==The Hidden Memoir==

In the late 1960s, Vode started writing her autobiography, in secret. She completed the manuscript in 1971, and entitled it Skriti spomin or The Hidden Memoir. The text in fact remained hidden for the next 30 years. The book is divided into three parts. In the first part, Vode describes the time of war from her personal viewpoint. She depicts her clashes with the Slovenian Communists, who treated her war efforts to help Slovene women as an act of collaboration with the occupying forces. In the second part, she depicts her imprisonment including interrogations and torture. She then describes her life without the basic human rights, which she defines as "a life of an alleviated and diluted variant". In the third part, Vode evaluates the Yugoslav Communist system. She analyzes the Slovene and Yugoslav Communist regime as a semi-totalitarian society, where a ruling elite misleads the people with lies, promising them a better future, but in fact only satisfying their own greed. ==References==