WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

General anaesthetics and oxygen Inhalational medicines • Isoflurane • Nitrous oxide • Oxygen • Sevoflurane Injectable medicines • Ketamine • Propofol Local anaesthetics • Bupivacaine • Lidocaine • Lidocaine/epinephrine (lidocaine + epinephrine (adrenaline)) Complementary: • Ephedrine Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures • Atropine • Midazolam • Morphine Medical gases • Oxygen == Medicines for pain and palliative care ==

Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs) of the chemical structure of aspirin • Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) • Ibuprofen • Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Opioid analgesics • Codeine • Fentanyl • Morphine Complementary: • Methadone Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care • Amitriptyline • Cyclizine • Dexamethasone • Diazepam • Docusate sodium • Fluoxetine • Haloperidol • Hyoscine butylbromide • Hyoscine hydrobromide • Lactulose • Loperamide • Metoclopramide • Midazolam • Ondansetron • Senna == Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis ==

• Dexamethasone • Epinephrine (adrenaline) • Hydrocortisone • Loratadine • Prednisolone == Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings ==

Non-specific • Charcoal, activated Specific • Acetylcysteine • Atropine • Calcium gluconate • Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) • Naloxone • Penicillamine • Potassium ferric hexacyano-ferrate(II) -2H2O (prussian blue) • Sodium nitrite • Sodium thiosulfate Complementary: • Deferoxamine • Dimercaprol • Fomepizole • Sodium calcium edetate • Succimer == Medicines for neurological disorders ==

Medicines for central nervous system disorders Antiseizure medicines • Carbamazepine • Diazepam • Lamotrigine • Levetiracetam • Lorazepam • Magnesium sulfate • Midazolam • Valproic acid (sodium valproate) Complementary: • Ethosuximide • Levetiracetam • Valproic acid (sodium valproate) • Levodopa/carbidopa (levodopa + carbidopa) Medicines for cerebral palsy • Baclofen Medicines for headache disorders Medicines for acute migraine attacks • Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) • Ibuprofen • Paracetamol (acetaminophen) • Sumatriptan Medicines for migraine prophylaxis • Propranolol Medicines for cluster headache • Prednisolone • Sumatriptan • Verapamil Medicines for central nervous system infections Medicines for bacterial central nervous system infections • Amoxicillin • Ampicillin • Benzylpenicillin • Cefotaxime • Ceftriaxone • Chloramphenicol • Gentamicin Complementary: • Meropenem Medicines for viral central nervous system infections • Aciclovir Medicines for peripheral nervous system disorders Medicines for Guillain-Barré syndrome Complementary: • Normal immunoglobulin Medicines for myasthenia gravis • Neostigmine Complementary: • Pyridostigmine == Anti-infective medicines ==

Anthelminthics Intestinal anthelminthics • Albendazole • Ivermectin • Levamisole • Mebendazole • Niclosamide • Praziquantel • Pyrantel Antifilarials • Albendazole • Diethylcarbamazine • Ivermectin Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines • Praziquantel • Triclabendazole Complementary: • Oxamniquine Cysticidal medicines Complementary: • Albendazole • Mebendazole • Praziquantel Antibacterials Access group antibiotics This group includes antibiotics that have activity against a wide range of commonly encountered susceptible pathogens while also showing lower resistance potential than antibiotics in the other groups. • Chloramphenicol • Clindamycin • Cloxacillin • Doxycycline • Gentamicin • Metronidazole • Nitrofurantoin • Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) • Procaine benzylpenicillin • Spectinomycin • Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim) • Trimethoprim Watch group antibiotics This group includes antibiotic classes that have higher resistance potential and includes most of the highest priority agents among the Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine and/or antibiotics that are at relatively high risk of selection of bacterial resistance. • Ceftriaxone • Piperacillin/tazobactam (piperacillin + tazobactam) • Vancomycin Complementary: • Ceftazidime • Meropenem • Meropenem/vaborbactam (meropenem + vaborbactam) • Plazomicin • Polymyxin B Antileprosy medicines • Clofazimine • Dapsone • Rifampicin Antituberculosis medicines • Amikacin • Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid) • Bedaquiline • Clofazimine • Cycloserine • Delamanid • Ethambutol • Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin) • Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin (ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin) • Ethionamide • Isoniazid • Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin) • Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin) • Isoniazid/rifapentine (isoniazid + rifapentine) • Levofloxacin • Linezolid • Meropenem • Moxifloxacin • Moxifloxacin • P-aminosalicylic acid (p-aminosalicylate sodium) • Pretomanid • Pyrazinamide • Rifabutin • Rifampicin • Rifapentine • Streptomycin Antifungal medicines • Amphotericin B • Clotrimazole • Fluconazole • Flucytosine • Griseofulvin • Itraconazole • Nystatin • Voriconazole Complementary: • Micafungin • Potassium iodide Antiviral medicines Antiherpes medicines • Aciclovir • Zidovudine Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors • Efavirenz • Nevirapine Protease inhibitors • Atazanavir/ritonavir (atazanavir + ritonavir) • Darunavir • Lopinavir/ritonavir (lopinavir + ritonavir) • Ritonavir Integrase inhibitors • Dolutegravir • Raltegravir Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines • Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine (abacavir + dolutegravir + lamivudine) • Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine) • Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir (dolutegravir + lamivudine + tenofovir) • Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir • Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir (efavirenz + lamivudine + tenofovir) • Emtricitabine/tenofovir (emtricitabine + tenofovir) • Lamivudine/zidovudine (lamivudine + zidovudine) Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections • Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim) Other antivirals • Valganciclovir Complementary: • Oseltamivir • Valganciclovir Antihepatitis medicines Medicines for hepatitis B Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors • Entecavir • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Medicines for hepatitis C Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations • Daclatasvir • Daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (daclatasvir + sofosbuvir) • Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (glecaprevir + pibrentasvir) • Ravidasvir • Sofosbuvir • Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (sofosbuvir + velpatasvir) Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations • Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (ledipasvir + sofosbuvir) Other antivirals for hepatitis C • Ribavirin Antiprotozoal medicines Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines • Diloxanide • Metronidazole Antileishmaniasis medicines • Amphotericin B • Meglumine antimoniate • Miltefosine • Paromomycin • Sodium stibogluconate Antimalarial medicines Medicines for curative treatment • Artemether • Artemether/lumefantrine (artemether + lumefantrine) • Artesunate • Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate (dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate) • Primaquine • Quinine • Doxycycline • Mefloquine Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines • Pyrimethamine • Sulfadiazine • Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim) Complementary: • Pentamidine Antitrypanosomal medicines African trypanosomiasis • Fexinidazole Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis • Pentamidine • Suramin sodium Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis • Eflornithine Complementary: • Melarsoprol American trypanosomiasis • Benznidazole • Nifurtimox Medicines for ectoparasitic infections • Ivermectin Medicines for Ebola virus disease • Ansuvimab • Atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab (atoltivimab + maftivimab + odesivimab) Medicines for COVID-19 No listings in this section. == Medicines for cystic fibrosis ==

• Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (elexacaftor + tezacaftor + ivacaftor) • Ivacaftor Complementary: • Pancreatic enzymes == Immunomodulators and antineoplastics ==

Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease Complementary: • Adalimumab • Azathioprine • Ciclosporin • Tacrolimus Antineoplastics and supportive medicines Cytotoxic medicines Complementary: • Arsenic trioxide • Asparaginase • Procarbazine • Realgar Indigo naturalis formulation • Tioguanine • Vinblastine • Vincristine • Vinorelbine Targeted therapies Complementary: • All-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) (ATRA) • Bortezomib • Dasatinib • Erlotinib • Everolimus • Ibrutinib • Imatinib • Nilotinib • Rituximab • Pembrolizumab • Pembrolizumab • Thalidomide Hormones and antihormones Complementary: • Abiraterone • Anastrozole • Bicalutamide • Dexamethasone • Hydrocortisone • Leuprorelin • Methylprednisolone • Prednisolone • Rasburicase • Zoledronic acid == Therapeutic foods ==

• Ready-to-use therapeutic food == Medicines affecting the blood ==

Antianaemia medicines • Ferrous salt • Ferrous salt/folic acid (ferrous salt + folic acid) • Folic acid • Hydroxocobalamin Complementary: • Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Medicines affecting coagulation • Dabigatran • Desmopressin • Emicizumab • Enoxaparin • Heparin sodium • Phytomenadione • Protamine sulfate • Tranexamic acid • Warfarin Complementary: • Heparin sodium • Protamine sulfate • Warfarin Medicines for haemoglobinopathies Medicines for sickle-cell disease • Deferasirox • Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) Complementary: • Deferoxamine Medicines for thalassaemias • Deferasirox Complementary: • Deferoxamine == Blood products, coagulation factors and plasma substitutes ==

Blood and blood components • Cryoprecipitate, pathogen-reduced • Fresh frozen plasma • Platelets • Red blood cells • Whole blood Human immunoglobulins • Anti-D immunoglobulin • Anti-rabies immunoglobulin • Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin Complementary: • Normal immunoglobulin Coagulation factors • Coagulation factor VIII, plasma-derived • Coagulation factor IX, plasma-derived • Coagulation factor VIII, recombinant • Coagulation factor IX, recombinant Plasma substitutes • Dextran 70 == Cardiovascular medicines ==

Antianginal medicines • Bisoprolol • Glyceryl trinitrate • Isosorbide dinitrate • Verapamil Antiarrhythmic medicines • Bisoprolol • Bisoprolol • Enalapril • Hydralazine • Hydrochlorothiazide • Lisinopril/amlodipine (lisinopril + amlodipine) • Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide (lisinopril + hydrochlorothiazide) • Losartan • Methyldopa • Perindopril/amlodipine/indapamide (perindopril + amlodipine + indapamide) • Telmisartan/amlodipine (telmisartan + amlodipine) • Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide (telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide) • Valsartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (valsartan + amlodipine + hydrochlorothiazide) Complementary: • Sodium nitroprusside Medicines used in heart failure • Bisoprolol • Furosemide • Hydrochlorothiazide Fixed-dose combinations of various agents for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (also referred to as "polypills") The first patent, Liang MH, Manson JE. (US Patent No. 6,576,256) [“Polypill”]. Treatment of patients at Elevated Cardiovascular Risk with a Combination of a Cholesterol Lowering Agent, an Inhibitor of the Renin-Angiotensin System, and Aspirin, submitted 2001; awarded and assigned to Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 2003. • Acetylsalicylic acid/atorvastatin/ramipril (acetylsalicylic acid + atorvastatin + ramipril) • Acetylsalicylic acid/simvastatin/ramipril/atenolol/hydrochlorothiazide (acetylsalicylic acid + simvastatin + ramipril + atenolol + hydrochlorothiazide) • Atorvastatin/perindopril/amlodipine (atorvastatin + perindopril + amlodipine) == Dermatological medicines ==

Antifungal medicines • Miconazole • Selenium sulfide • Sodium thiosulfate • Terbinafine Anti-infective medicines • Mupirocin • Potassium permanganate • Silver sulfadiazine Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines • Betamethasone • Calamine • Hydrocortisone Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation • Benzoyl peroxide • Calcipotriol • Coal tar • Fluorouracil • Podophyllum resin • Salicylic acid • Urea Complementary: • Adalimumab • Methotrexate • Ustekinumab • Permethrin Moisturizers • Urea • Glycerol Sunscreens, broad-spectrum • Sunscreen, broad-spectrum == Diagnostic agents ==

Ophthalmic medicines • Fluorescein • Tropicamide Radiocontrast media • Amidotrizoate • Barium sulfate • Iohexol Complementary: • Barium sulfate • Meglumine iotroxate == Antiseptics and disinfectants ==

Antiseptics • Chlorhexidine • Ethanol • Povidone iodine Disinfectants • Alcohol based hand rub • Chlorine base compound • Chloroxylenol • Glutaral • Hypochlorous acid == Diuretics ==

• Amiloride • Furosemide • Hydrochlorothiazide • Mannitol • Spironolactone == Gastrointestinal medicines ==

Complementary: • Pancreatic enzymes Antiulcer medicines • Omeprazole • Ranitidine Antiemetic medicines • Dexamethasone • Metoclopramide • Ondansetron Complementary: • Hydrocortisone • Prednisolone Laxatives • Senna Medicines used in diarrhea • Oral rehydration salts + zinc sulfate (Co-packaged) Oral rehydration • Oral rehydration salts Medicines for diarrhoea • Zinc sulfate == Medicines for endocrine disorders ==

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes • Fludrocortisone • Hydrocortisone • Prednisolone Androgens Complementary: • Testosterone Estrogens No listings in this section. Progestogens • Medroxyprogesterone acetate Medicines for diabetes Insulins • Insulin (analogue, long-acting) • Insulin (analogue, rapid-acting) • Insulin (human, intermediate-acting) • Gliclazide • Metformin • Semaglutide Complementary: • Metformin Medicines for hypoglycaemia • Glucagon Complementary: • Diazoxide Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines • Levothyroxine • Potassium iodide • Methimazole • Propylthiouracil Complementary: • Iodine + potassium iodide (Lugol's solution) • Methimazole Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system • Cabergoline Complementary: • Octreotide == Immunologicals ==

Diagnostic agents • Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD) Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies • Anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies • Diphtheria antitoxin • Equine rabies immunoglobulin Vaccines • BCG vaccine • Cholera vaccine • Dengue vaccine • Diphtheria vaccine • Ebola vaccine • Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine • Hepatitis A vaccine • Hepatitis B vaccine • Hepatitis E vaccine • Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine • Influenza vaccine (seasonal) • Japanese encephalitis vaccine • Malaria vaccine • Measles vaccine • Meningococcal meningitis vaccine • Mpox vaccine • Mumps vaccine • Pertussis vaccine • Pneumococcal vaccine • Poliomyelitis vaccine • Rabies vaccine • Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine • Rotavirus vaccine • Rubella vaccine • Tetanus vaccine • Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine • Typhoid vaccine • Varicella vaccine • Yellow fever vaccine == Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors ==

• Atracurium • Neostigmine • Suxamethonium • Vecuronium Complementary: • Pyridostigmine • Vecuronium == Ophthalmological preparations ==