Born in the French
commune of
Clermont-Ferrand, Antoine de Lhoyer was a member of a wealthy
bourgeois family. From an early age he was well educated in music, learning to play at first the
harpsichord, then the five-string guitar. An early teacher may have been
Pierre Jean Porro, a music teacher at the Royal Military School of Effiat, near Clermont. De Lhoyer moved to Paris in 1774. To further his musical education, he visited major European capitals, and by the age of 21 already enjoyed a reputation as a virtuoso guitarist. The rest of Lhoyer's life was to be buffeted by the momentous events of the
French Revolution. A devout royalist, in 1789 he became a soldier in the
Gardes du Corps du Roi, the bodyguard to
Louis XVI. He fled from France after the massacre of guards by the crowd that invaded Versailles on 6 October 1789. By 1792, in
Koblenz he had enlisted with the
armée des Princes which joined with an allied army of Prussian and Austrian soldiers led by the
Duke of Brunswick in an unsuccessful invasion of France in 1792. The years 1794-7 saw him participating in the campaigns with the Austrian army, and in 1799–1800 he served with counter revolutionary forces in the
Army of Condé. He was wounded in battle and lost the use of his right hand for three years. He took refuge in Hamburg between 1800 and 1804 where his first known musical works were published (opus 12 to 18). He next travelled to St Petersburg where he was well received by the royal court, obtaining employment as a guitar teacher to the Tsarina and becoming a favourite of the
Empress Elizabeth. He spent a productive ten years in Russia, arranging Russian folk songs for the guitar and publishing solo and ensemble guitar works as well as several collections of Romances for voice and guitar (opus 18b to 26). He returned to France after the fall of
Napoleon to rejoin the forces of the King. Eventually, in 1814, he became a sergeant in the elite
Garde de la Manche du Roi after the
Bourbon Restoration. Around this time he published his first works for
six-string guitar, the
Duos concertants, Op. 31 and 32.
Louis XVIII appointed him "Major de la place" on the
Île d’Oléron in 1816. Between 1820 and 1825, he established his home in nearby
Niort where he married and had four children. From this time he published his opus numbers 38 to 45. He became
Lieutenant du Roi (a vice regal appointment) at
Saint Florent in Corsica from 1826. Possibly due to the decline in popularity of the guitar in
salon music, replaced by the increasingly popular
pianoforte, no more music of Lhoyer appears to have been published from this time (1826) onward. In 1830 he became "Commandant de la place" in
Bonifacio, Corsica. His life took another change in fortune with the abdication of the French King in the
July Revolution of 1830 and the subsequent reorganisation of civil and military administration, losing his position as commandant. In 1831, he established his home in
Aix-en-Provence staying there until 1836. Next he took his family to
Algeria settling near the capital
Algiers and then finally in 1852 to
Paris where he died in poverty on 15 March during the reign of
Napoleon III. ==Works==