Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale

Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale was born at Genoa, June 23, 1605. He belonged to one of the wealthiest families of the Genoese nobility: in 1635 his father, Giovanni Francesco I Brignole Sale, was elected doge of Genoa. In 1608 he inherited from his maternal grandfather the fief of Groppoli and the relative title of marquess. He was officially ascribed to the Genoese aristocracy in 1626. Little is recorded of his early years, though he certainly knew Gabriello Chiabrera and Ansaldo Cebà, and was influenced by them. Anton Giulio studied under the Jesuits and had a brilliant political career. In 1643 he was made ambassador to Philip IV of Spain at a difficult period in relations between the Republic and the Spanish Empire. The positive outcome of his mission granted him access to the Great Council in 1648. Brignole aimed to renovate the structures of the republic, promote foreign trade and separate the destiny of Genoa from that of the crumbling Spanish Empire. He was a prominent member of the Academy of the Addormentati and of the Accademia degli Incogniti, and lived a literary and political life until 1652. After the death of his wife Paola Adorno, Anton Giulio resigned from the Great Council, took holy orders, and entered the Society of Jesus on March 11, 1652, leaving his unmarried children in the care of his mother. He employed the rest of his life in preaching, and died at Genoa in 1665. The portraits of "Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale" and his wife "Paola Adorno Brignole-Sale" by Anthony van Dyck are housed in the art collection of Palazzo Rosso. == Works ==

Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale wrote a great number of works, histories, epigrams and lives of saints, all of which have been printed, and some a great many times. His principal works are: ''Le Instabilità dell'Ingegno (Bologna, 1635); La Colonna per l'Anime del Purgatorio; Maria Maddalena Peccatrice e Convertita (Genoa, 1636); Tacito Abburattato (Genoa, 1643); Il Santissimo Rosario Meditato (Genoa, 1647); Della Storia Spagnuola (Genoa, 1640); Il Carnovale (Venice, 1663); Gli Due Anelli Simili (Macerata, 1671); Il Satirico Innocente (Genoa, 1648); La Vita di S. Alessio (Genoa, 1648). The last two are said to be the best, representing the tendency to simplicity which appeared in reaction against Marinism in the middle of the seventeenth century. Maria Maddalena peccatrice convertita'' is considered the masterpiece of the 17th-century religious novel, depicting Mary Magdalene's tormented journey to repentance convincingly and with psychological subtlety. His most successful work, La vita di Sant’Alessio (The life of St. Alexius), was printed in Genoa in 1648 and republished several times. It was translated into French by Jean-Antoine Rampalle. His Tacito Abburrattato (Tacitus sifted) collects Brignole's political and moral speeches held before the Academy of the Addormentati in the winter of 1635 and the following spring. It is configured as a work of reform against the excesses of Baroque culture. Brignole rejects the authority of the Ancients, in particular Tacitus, whose influence on early modern political thought and moral philosophy was paramount, and promotes a renewal of culture and society. This work was held in high esteem by Benedetto Croce, who considered Brignole "one of the most original thinkers of his century". Brignole published his epigrams under the title: ''Il Satirico Innocente, Epigrammi trasportati dal Greco all'Italiano e commentati dal Marchese Anton Giulio Brignole Sale'' (The Satirical Innocent, Epigrams transported from the Greek to Italian and commented on by the Marquis Anton Giulio Brigliole Sale). He pretends to have discovered an ancient manuscript containing Greek epigrams on subjects "profitable to human customs", which were then translated into Latin by Paolo Domenico Chiesa, a Genoese lawyer. Needless to say the epigrams are Brignole's own. The implication of his title, however, is not without significance. The style of the Greek epigram is, as it were, held up as the model of simplicity for the poets of the new school. It is indeed only the style of the Greek epigram that Brignole would imitate; he draws no matter from the Greek Anthology. For simplicity and purity of diction Brignole's epigrams have been highly praised. Brignole Sale's works are remarkable examples of Baroque aesthetics, for their use of the language, of the colour research, of the metaphor and the sudden image changes. In his well-known anthology Politici e moralisti del Seicento, a work which cuts across the two fields of political theory and ethics in the seventeenth century, Benedetto Croce printed a selections from Brignole Sale's political works together with passages from the works of Strada, Zuccolo, Settala, Accetto and Malvezzi. == Notes ==