Chaos A.D.

The band considered numerous producers, including avant-garde jazz composer John Zorn and Al Jourgensen of industrial metal pioneers Ministry. They ultimately chose Andy Wallace, who had previously mixed Arise. Sepultura wanted isolation, and for that Andy Wallace suggested Rockfield Studios, located in South Wales. The recording sessions marked the first time Sepultura had recorded as a quartet as opposed to a trio, which saw Andreas Kisser handling both bass and guitar duties on their previous three albums; as such, Chaos A.D. was the first album to include Paulo Jr., who had been playing live with the band since joining in 1984. "Kaiowas" was recorded live among the ruins of the medieval castle of Chepstow. It was an entirely acoustic track, with Kisser and Max Cavalera on the guitars and drummer Igor Cavalera and Paulo Jr. on percussion. When they recorded "Kaiowas", the quartet never even considered playing the track live, because they thought it would be too difficult to recreate the drumming on stage. They changed their minds after seeing a video of the American band Neurosis: "We saw in that live video that the Neurosis guys put down their guitars and everybody started to play the drums on stage", lead guitarist Andreas remembers. "We decided to try the same thing. We rehearsed it once and it was wonderful. We haven't stopped playing the song live since." During recording sessions, Sepultura recorded several covers: "The Hunt", from New Model Army, "Polícia", from Titãs, "Inhuman Nature", from the American hardcore punk band Final Conflict, and "Crucificados pelo Sistema", from Brazilian Ratos de Porão. Igor, a New Model Army fan, convinced the other band members to include "The Hunt" on the record. Paulo joked that the money of the LP would go straight to new dentures for Justin Sullivan, the toothless singer of New Model Army. The latter 3 covers would be included as B-sides and also on the compilation Blood-Rooted. "Polícia" is also included as a bonus track on the Brazilian edition of the album. Up until the time the album was due, the title was originally Propaganda after track 6, but Max Cavalera changed it to Chaos A.D. after the Misfits' Earth A.D. ==Musical style==

Out of the boredom of playing the Arise songs for two years straight and concerned about the threat of musically stagnating, Sepultura pushed the envelope on Chaos A.D. The new material came out slower, with more emphasis on groove than speed. The first track, "Refuse/Resist", revealed the band's new direction. The song starts with the heartbeat of Max's then-unborn first son, Zyon, followed by some Afro-Brazilian drumming reminiscent of Salvador, Bahia samba-reggae group Olodum. According to Max Cavalera, "diversity was the key to Chaos A.D.", also saying "Biotech Is Godzilla" was "pure hardcore". Max Cavalera said he "had to fight Andreas over" retuning the guitars to D, partly because all of Sepultura's songs, until then, were written in standard tuning. He argued that Black Sabbath also played in D, and they could do the same. ==Themes==

After traveling extensively abroad for their Arise tour, the band came to see their home-country in a new light. Brazil's political issues and music then came to the fore. Sepultura targeted and denounced racism, discrimination, xenophobia and neocolonialism, and how they fueled destructive policies and power-hungry politicians. Writing for VICE, author J.J. Anselmi declared that the "social messages of Chaos A.D. are timeless and universal, making it one of the most important metal albums ever recorded." The lyrics of "Refuse/Resist" mention "tanks on the streets, confronting police, bleeding the plebs." and when released as a single featured a photograph of a South Korean student rushing at Seoul's riot police contingent while holding a Molotov cocktail. Speaking to Kerrang!, Max Cavalera remembered: "This certainly got in touch with the dark side of Sepultura. "Refuse/Resist" is an anti-police song – a real piece of anarchy. You could call the album riot music. It was full of heavy shit and some of it was risky, but it was just where we were coming from at the time." The next song, "Territory", dealt with the conflict between the Palestinian and Israeli peoples. Massacres were a major part of Chaos A.D.s overall theme. "Amen" tackled the massacre of David Koresh's followers in Waco, Texas. "Manifest" had a faux-radio report of the Carandiru massacre, "Nomad", written by Andreas, talked about people expelled from their homelands. ==Touring and promotion==

By the time Chaos A.D. arrived, Sepultura were the biggest act of Roadrunner's roster. Aware of the band's increasing popularity, the label spent nearly $1 million on a "marketing blitz" which quickly guaranteed them silver and gold records in Belgium, France and the UK. The group also signed an exclusive distribution deal with a major label, Epic Records, home of Pearl Jam and Rage Against the Machine. This deal eventually went sour: Epic paid little attention to Sepultura, preferring to invest in Fight and Prong. and then the band proceeded in playing the song live throughout the tour (a recorded version is available on the combined re-release of Bestial Devastation/Morbid Visions and The Roots of Sepultura albums). While touring Europe, rumors floated around that Sepultura would be part of the latest edition of Brazil's Hollywood Rock music festival, taking place in January 1994. In October 1994, the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black was released. It was the brainchild of producer Bob Chiappardi, a project two years in the making. Nativity in Black featured mostly "up-and-coming" bands such as White Zombie, Biohazard, Type O Negative and Therapy?. Sepultura's contribution was their "Symptom of the Universe" cover, a song they played live since the Beneath the Remains (1989) tour. According to the band, the invitation came due to their good relations with Concrete, Chiappardi's production company. In November, Sepultura did a brief Brazilian tour with The Ramones. Fellow countrymen Viper and Raimundos were the opening acts. The tour spanned five dates, with shows in Curitiba, Florianópolis, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre and Santo André. The joint tour came about as happenstance: both bands wanted to tour in Brazil in the same time period. ==Third World Chaos==

Sepultura's second home video, Third World Chaos, was released in VHS format on June 27, 1995. It features interviews, music videos, behind-the-scenes footage, and portions of concerts and jam sessions from the Chaos AD tour. The video starts with a live (and sped-up) rendition of their Motörhead cover "Orgasmatron" from their 1994 Monsters of Rock show, at Donington Park, UK. It segues to a series of press clippings with Roy Mayorga's "Chaos BC" remix serving as background music. The "Slave New World" promotional video comes next, with a brief making of scene and Max explaining to a Japanese interviewer the song's theme. This leads to Iron Maiden singer Bruce Dickinson interviewing both Max and Andreas, and they clarify the concept behind "Kaiowas" title and how it was recorded. The band plays the song live on MTV Europe and on their Monsters of Rock gig. More backstage antics are shown, now with tourmates Biohazard together in a percussive jam. The promos for "Refuse/Resist" and "Territory" are next. There's also older archival footage on Third World Chaos. One example is the "Arise" video, whose location shooting was California's Death Valley, where the infamous Manson Family resided for a time in the late 1960s. There's also their first ever promo —"Inner Self"—a track taken from their Beneath the Remains album. ==Critical reception==

Chaos A.D. received positive reviews from music critics, with many commending the album's experimentation and sense of the band coming into their own. AllMusic declared it one of the best heavy metal albums of all time, calling it "a remarkable achievement not only in its concentrated power and originality, but also in the degree to which Sepultura eclipsed their idols in offering a vision of heavy metal's future." Entertainment Weekly proclaimed that "Sepultura will separate casual headbangers from rabid addicts fast... even non-metalheads will be impressed by the variety in [Chaos A.D.]: they're not averse to slowing things down." ==Legacy and influence==

Chaos A.D. was a watershed moment for the band, with Ultimate Guitar calling it the album "that elevated Sepultura to even greater heights" as well as "one of the most important and influential metal albums of the 90's". The quartet faced many challenges with the record. For one, they made a risqué transition from their earlier death/thrash sound. Sepultura also traversed the radical shift in the rock music scene of the 1990s, with the sudden popularity of alternative rock. "We made a record that was very metal", said Max Cavalera; there "was an explosion of grunge and nobody wanted anything to do with metal." Despite everything, Chaos A.D. was ultimately a triumph. "It was a magical and very inspiring time" remembers the elder Cavalera. Sound of the Beast author Ian Christe credits Chaos A.D., along with Pantera, for developing the groove metal style, which would later influence other artists in the 1990s. It is one of Joe Duplantier's top ten albums, guitarist-songwriter for Gojira. In his opinion, Chaos A.D. "gave birth to the whole nu-metal scene." Korn were inspired by the album when they started out. At least two members from Slipknot attested how Chaos A.D. was important to them. Chaos A.D. was ranked 29th on Rolling Stone's and 63th on NME's 100 greatest metal albums lists. "Refuse/Resist", the album's first single, charted at number 26 in VH1's "40 Greatest Metal Songs" list. In Rolling Stone Brasil's list of the 100 greatest MPB records, Chaos A.D. held the 46th position. According to the magazine, the album was a "point of inflection" for the band and the heavy metal scene. It paved the way to "another essential record"—Roots—ranked No. 57 in the same list. At the first Kerrang! Awards ceremony in 1994, Chaos A.D. won the award for Best Album. Impact Sepultura's newfound interest in the music and socials ills of Brazil inspired—or ran parallel to—their fellow countrymen's own MPB/metal experiments. One particular case was Overdose, Sepultura's former Cogumelo labelmates. Overdose's 5th album, Progress of Decadence (1993), opened with "Rio, Samba e Porrada na Morro", an industrial-meets-samba intro five years in the making. The rest of the album segues into their own brand of groove metal. Furthermore, Overdose inserted political themes in their lyrics, although they had been doing such before Sepultura. Saravá metal group Gangrena Gasosa's debut Welcome to Terreiro (1993) opens with "Troops of Olodum", a spoof on Sepultura's "Troops of Doom" complete with the song's intro riff and Olodum-styled percussion. On Brazilian band Angra's concept album, Holy Land, lead guitar player Kiko Loureiro said that, when composing for their second album, the MPB influence "came naturally". Despite this statement there was, indeed, a concerted effort by the group to explore their Brazilian musical identity. It was partly a response to the criticism directed towards Angels Cry (1994), which drew many comparisons to Helloween, Iron Maiden and others. Although it became a popular trend in the 1990s, the mixing of metal and percussion remains a controversial topic in the Brazilian scene. One example is the "tribal" thrash metal of Krucipha, which takes inspiration from Pernambuco's maracatu through the states' manguebeat movement. The band's music still divides opinions, enraging metal purists. ==Track listing==

• Justin Sullivan • Robert Heaton }} }} • Andreas Kisser • Max Cavalera }} }} Notes • The original release contained a hidden track (laughter outtakes from "We Who Are Not as Others") after "Clenched Fist". • "Territory" and "Amen/Inner Self" were recorded live in Minneapolis in March 1994. ==Personnel==

• Max Cavalera – vocals, rhythm guitar, 4-string guitar, nylon string guitar • Igor Cavalera – drums, percussion • Paulo Jr. – bass, floor tom • Andreas Kisser – lead guitar, 12-strings viola, steel-string acoustic guitar • Silvio Bibika – studio roadie • Simon Dawson – assistant engineer • Alex Newport – guitar sound, feedback advisor • Dave Somers – assistant engineer • Andy Wallace – producer, mixing • George Marino – mastering • Steve Remote – recording engineer • Michael Whelan – cover artwork ("Cacophony") • Gary Monroe – photography • Recorded at Rockfield Studios, South Wales (though the liner notes incorrectly state "South Wales, England") • "Kaiowas" recorded at Chepstow Castle, Wales • Mixed at The Wool Hall Recording Studios, Bath, England ==Charts==