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Aruna Shanbaug case

Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug was an Indian nurse who was at the centre of attention in a court case on euthanasia after spending over 42 years in a vegetative state as a result of a sexual assault.

Background
Aruna Shanbhaug Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug was born on 1 June 1948 to a Konkani-speaking Brahmin Saraswat Gowd Brahmin family in Haldipur, Karnataka. She was the eighth among six brothers and three sisters. Her father died when she was 10, after which her brothers Balakrishna and Govinda moved to Mumbai to work at Kamala Mills. Back in the 1960s, it was not common for girls to enroll in the co-education Rural Education Society (RES) in Haldipur after finishing primary schooling where girls and boys studied separately. Shanbaug was one of the 14 girls in a class of 54 students, and the only one out of all her siblings to complete higher education. She borrowed books from seniors at school when she could not afford to buy them. Shanbaug moved to Mumbai in 1966 with her aunt's son to pursue nursing; she was 17 at the time. She joined King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital as a staff nurse after three-and-a-half years, and lived at the nursing hostel, across the road, for several years. In the months leading to the attack, Shanbaug informed her family that she wanted their support in marrying Pratap Desai, a neurosurgeon pursuing his MD at KEM. In response, the family voiced their disapproval as Desai did not belong to the same community as the Shanbaugs. During this time, Shanbaug moved to her sister Shanta's house in Worli to save money for her marriage, and for Desai to start a dispensary of his own. in Parel, Mumbai (2012) Shanbaug was in-charge of KEM's Cardiovascular Thoracic Centre, which had an experimental cardiovascular dog surgery laboratory where Sohanlal Valmiki worked as a janitor. She had reported him twice for stealing and not tending to his responsibilities. She allegedly "threatened" to report him a third time a few days before the attack. In multiple interviews, he has alluded to a "troubled relationship" with Shanbaug. He claimed that she was always picking on him, choosing Valmiki, who admits to being scared of dogs, to feed the dogs and sweep the cages. ==Attack==
Attack
On 27 November 1973, Shanbaug, then 25 years old, was sexually assaulted by Sohanlal Valmiki, a janitor on contract at King Edward Memorial Hospital. ==Aftermath==
Aftermath
Discovery of Shanbaug's body Shanbaug was discovered 12 hours after the attack at 7:45 am by Pramila Kushe, a KEM nurse reporting for her morning shift. "She was sitting, leaning against a stool with a dog-chain around her neck. There was blood around her," Kushe recalls, "I ran out and brought the matron. As soon as she saw matron Bellimal, her eyes welled up and tears streamed down her face. She tried to say something but could not...only her lips moved. And then, slowly she lost consciousness." Nurse strike The attack sparked independent India's first nurse strike, with nurses in Mumbai demanding justice and treatment for Shanbaug and better protection and working conditions for themselves. The medical examination for Shanbaug used the controversial "two-finger-test" that entails insertion of two fingers into the vaginal cavity to inspect the hymen of victims of sexual offences. Following the 2012 Nirbhaya gang rape and murder case, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, issued fresh guidelines for medico-legal care for sexual violence survivors that banned the test. Moreover, until the passage of 2013 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, the definition of rape under IPC's Section 375 did not extend to acts in addition to vaginal penetration. In her book ''Aruna's Story: The True Account of a Rape and its Aftermath'' (1998), journalist and human rights activist Pinki Virani wrote: "[Valmiki] was not sentenced for rape because he had not committed the rape vaginally; it was anal." Release and life after Valmiki was released from prison after serving six years; he spent one year under trial. For years after, his whereabouts were unknown. Pinki Virani attempted to track him down; she believed that Valmiki changed his name after leaving prison but continued to work in a Delhi hospital. Since neither the King Edward Memorial Hospital nor the court that tried Valmiki kept a file photo of him, Virani's search failed. Other reports claimed he had subsequently died of AIDS or tuberculosis. Shortly after Shanbaug's death was announced, however, Valmiki was tracked down by Mumbai-based journalist Dnyanesh Chavan from the Marathi daily Sakal to his father-in-law's village of Parpa in western Uttar Pradesh. He was found to be still living, married with a family, and working as a labourer and cleaner in a power station. After his release from prison, he returned to his ancestral village of Dadupur in western Uttar Pradesh before moving to Parpa in the late 1980s. ==Later information==
Later information
Allegations of familial abandonment As of 2011, Shanta had not visited Shanbaug in decades. "I used to go in the afternoons to see her and then come back home [to] work which became very difficult. Once my children got married, I couldn't go," she said. "I feel sorry for her, but what can I do? If I go now, they'll force me to bring her back. Where will I keep her? I live in someone else's house." Contrary to KEM staff's allegations of familial abandonment, Shanta's children Mangala, Savitri and Vinayak said they looked after Shanbaug for more than twelve years after the attack. According to Savitri, they did everything they could to take care of her. "I remember going to the hospital with tiffin boxes. We cleaned her up, washed her and did everything possible till the time we could," she told Mid-Day. The siblings moved to different parts of Mumbai after marriage, and visiting Shanbaug became difficult. "We lived far off and even our mother wasn't well. We also had our families to take care of, and it was possible to check on Aruna only occasionally. But we never abandoned her. We used to visit her once or twice a month," Mangala said. When a journalist contacted Balakrishna, Shanbaug's eldest brother, he was informed that Balakrishna had stopped visiting KEM "because of fear of pressure to take his sister home." Balakrishna died of cancer in 2013; he was living in Bengaluru at the time of his death. His daughter denies that that the family abandoned Shanbaug. She said her father visited KEM several times until a change in hospital management made it difficult to continue seeing Shanbaug. Balakrishna was preceded in death by Shanbaug's second eldest brother, Govinda, based in Ratnagiri, and a third Sadananda, who worked in Honnavar. Anand, her youngest brother and one of her few relatives still living in Haldipur, visited Shanbaug a few times with his wife Bhagirathi between 1981 and 1987. He ran a small restaurant in Ghatkopar at the time. "Every time, the doctors would ask us to take her. We could not do that. In the end, my husband began dreading going to the hospital," Bhagirathi told The Indian Express. Anand died in 2012. No one from Shanbaug's family lived in Haldipur at the time of her death. Their ancestral property–four houses built next to each other to accommodate Shanbaug's father and three brothers–was deserted. Initially made of dried grass, Garave Nivas was converted into Mangalore-tiled pucca house in 1963. Shanbaug's fiancé comes forward For years, Desai was referred to as Dr Sundeep Sardesai in media reports and in Virani's book. He revealed his identify for the first time while speaking to Mumbai Mirror after Shanbaug's death. As of 2015, Desai is a physician with his own private practice in Dadar. He completed his MD from KEM, and joined the hospital as a senior registrar in 1973. He remembers Shanbaug as "very dedicated to her work" as a result of which she was posted to the neurosurgery department within three years of joining KEM–something that otherwise requires several years of experience. He said senior doctors preferred Shanbaug to assist during complex surgeries, and she never refused to help even when doctors called her at night after she had finished her day shift. Desai said he "never missed a single story written about Aruna" and believed that "stigma a rape victims carries with her and the way society perceives her has still not changed" in the last four decades. ==Supreme Court case==
Supreme Court case
Aruna Shanbaug v Union of India (2011) On 17 December 2010, the Supreme Court, while admitting the plea to end the life made by activist-journalist Pinki Virani, sought a report on Shanbaug's medical condition from the hospital in Mumbai and the government of Maharashtra. On 24 January 2011, a three-member medical panel was established under the Supreme Court's directive. After examining Shanbaug, the panel concluded that she met "most of the criteria of being in a permanent vegetative state". On 7 March 2011, the Supreme Court, in a landmark judgement, issued a set of broad guidelines legalizing passive euthanasia in India. Response Following the Supreme Court decision rejecting the plea, the nursing staff at the hospital—who had opposed the petition and had been looking after Shanbaug since she had lapsed into a vegetative state—distributed sweets and cut a cake to celebrate what they termed her "rebirth". A senior nurse at the hospital later said, "We have to tend to her just like a small child at home. She only keeps aging like any of us, does not create any problems for us. We take turns looking after her and we love to care for her. How can anybody think of taking her life?" ==Death==
Death
A few days before her death, Shanbaug was diagnosed with pneumonia. She was moved to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) of the hospital and put on a ventilator. She died the morning of 18 May 2015. ==In popular culture==
In popular culture
A non-fiction book about the case titled ''Aruna's Story was written by Pinki Virani in 1998. Duttakumar Desai wrote the Marathi play Katha Arunachi'' from 1994–1995; it was performed at college level and subsequently staged by Vinay Apte in 2002. A Gujarati fiction novel, Jad Chetan, was written by popular novelist Harkisan Mehta in 1985 and was based on Shanbaug's case. A part of the plot of the marathi film Janiva mentions the case and its subsequent impact. Shanbaug's story was also portrayed in the series Crime Patrol. In June 2020, the Ullu web series KASAK, which is based on the case, was released. The role of Sheetal, Shanbaug's stand-in, is portrayed by Ihana Dhillon. ==References==
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