Astronomical observatories are mainly divided into four categories according to location:
space-based,
airborne, ground-based, and underground-based. Historically, ground-based observatories were as simple as containing a
mural instrument (for measuring the angle between
stars) or
Stonehenge (which has some alignments on astronomical phenomena). Astronomical observatories may be private or they may be
public.
Ground-based observatories Ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the
radio and
visible light portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Most
optical telescopes are housed within a
dome or similar structure, to protect the delicate instruments from the elements. Telescope domes have a slit or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing, and closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases, the entire upper portion of the telescope dome can be rotated to allow the instrument to observe different sections of the night sky. Radio telescopes usually do not have domes. For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population, to avoid the effects of
light pollution. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have dark skies, a large percentage of clear nights per year, dry air, and are at high elevations. At high elevations, the
Earth's atmosphere is thinner, thereby minimizing the effects of
atmospheric turbulence and resulting in better astronomical "
seeing". Sites that meet the above criteria for modern observatories include the
southwestern United States,
Hawaii,
Canary Islands, the
Andes, and high mountains in
Mexico such as
Sierra Negra.
Major optical observatories include
Mauna Kea Observatory and
Kitt Peak National Observatory in the US,
Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in Spain, and
Paranal Observatory and
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in
Chile. Specific research study performed in 2009 shows that the best possible location for ground-based observatory on Earth is
Ridge A—a place in the central part of Eastern Antarctica. This location provides the least atmospheric disturbances and best visibility.
Solar observatories Radio observatories Beginning in 1933,
radio telescopes have been built for use in the field of
radio astronomy to observe the Universe in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such an instrument, or collection of instruments, with supporting facilities such as control centres, visitor housing, data reduction centers, and/or maintenance facilities are called
radio observatories. Radio observatories are similarly located far from major population centers to avoid
electromagnetic interference (EMI) from
radio,
TV,
radar, and other EMI emitting devices, but unlike optical observatories, radio observatories can be placed in
valleys for further EMI shielding. Some of the world's major radio observatories include the
Very Large Array in
New Mexico, United States,
Jodrell Bank in the
UK,
Arecibo in
Puerto Rico,
Parkes in
New South Wales, Australia, and
Chajnantor in
Chile. A related discipline is
Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI).
Highest astronomical observatories Since the mid-20th century, a number of astronomical observatories have been constructed at very
high altitudes, above . The largest and most notable of these is the
Mauna Kea Observatory, located near the summit of a volcano in Hawaiʻi. The
Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory in Bolivia, at , was the world's highest permanent astronomical observatory from the time of its construction during the 1940s until 2009. It has now been surpassed by the new
University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory, an optical-infrared telescope on a remote mountaintop in the
Atacama Desert of Chile.
Oldest astronomical observatories The oldest proto-observatories, in the sense of an
observation post for astronomy, •
Abu Simbel, Egypt •
Kokino,
Kumanovo, North Macedonia •
Observatory at Rhodes, Greece •
Goseck circle, Germany •
Ujjain, India •
Arkaim, Russia •
Newark Earthworks, Hopewell Culture (United States of America) •
Cheomseongdae, South Korea •
Angkor Wat, Cambodia The oldest true observatories, in the sense of a specialized
research institute, include: • 825:
Al-Shammisiyyah Observatory,
Baghdad, Iraq • 869:
Mahodayapuram Observatory,
Kerala, India • 1259:
Maragheh Observatory,
Azerbaijan, Iran • 1276:
Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory, China • 1420:
Ulugh Beg Observatory,
Samarqand, Uzbekistan • 1442:
Beijing Ancient Observatory, China • 1577:
Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din, Turkey • 1580:
Uraniborg, Denmark (present-day Sweden) • 1581:
Stjärneborg, Denmark (present-day Sweden) • 1633:
Leiden Observatory, Netherlands • 1642:
Panzano Observatory, Italy • 1642:
Round Tower, Denmark • 1667:
Paris Observatory, France • 1675:
Royal Greenwich Observatory, England • 1695:
Sukharev Tower, Russia • 1711:
Berlin Observatory, Germany • 1724:
Jantar Mantar, India • 1753:
Stockholm Observatory, Sweden • 1753:
Vilnius University Observatory, Lithuania • 1753:
Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada, Spain • 1759:
Trieste Observatory, Italy. • 1757:
Macfarlane Observatory, Scotland. • 1759:
Turin Observatory, Italy. • 1764:
Brera Astronomical Observatory, Italy. • 1765:
Mohr Observatory, Indonesia. • 1771:
Lviv Observatory, Ukraine. • 1774:
Observatory of the Vatican, Italy. • 1785:
Dunsink Observatory, Ireland. • 1786:
Madras Observatory, India. • 1789:
Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland. • 1790:
Royal Observatory of Madrid, Spain, • 1803:
National Astronomical Observatory, Bogotá, Colombia. • 1811:
Tartu Old Observatory,
Estonia • 1812:
Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, Naples, Italy • 1830/1842:
Depot of Charts & Instruments/US Naval Observatory, US • 1830:
Yale University Observatory Atheneum, US • 1834:
Helsinki University Observatory, Finland • 1838:
Hopkins Observatory, Williams College, US • 1838:
Loomis Observatory,
Western Reserve Academy, US • 1839:
Pulkovo Observatory, Russia • 1842:
Cincinnati Observatory, US • 1844:
Georgetown University Astronomical Observatory, US • 1847:
Harvard College Observatory, US • 1854:
Detroit Observatory, US • 1871:
Argentine National Observatory, Argentina • 1873:
Quito Astronomical Observatory, Ecuador • 1878:
Lisbon Astronomical Observatory, Portugal • 1884:
McCormick Observatory, US • 1888:
Lick Observatory, US • 1890:
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, US • 1894:
Lowell Observatory, US • 1895:
Theodor Jacobsen Observatory, US • 1897:
Yerkes Observatory, US • 1899:
Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, India
Space-based observatories in Earth's orbit Space-based observatories are telescopes or other instruments that are located in
outer space, many in
orbit around the Earth. Space telescopes can be used to observe astronomical objects at wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the
Earth's atmosphere and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes. The Earth's atmosphere is
opaque to
ultraviolet radiation,
X-rays, and
gamma rays and is partially opaque to
infrared radiation so observations in these portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are best carried out from a location above Earth's atmosphere. Another advantage of space-based telescopes is that, because of their location above the Earth's atmosphere, their images are free from the effects of atmospheric turbulence that plague ground-based observations. As a result, the
angular resolution of space telescopes such as the
Hubble Space Telescope is often much smaller than a ground-based telescope with a similar
aperture. However, all these advantages do come with a price. Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope was able to be serviced by the
Space Shuttles while many other space telescopes cannot be serviced.
Airborne observatories on board a
Boeing 747SP Airborne observatories have the advantage of height over ground installations, putting them above most of the Earth's atmosphere. They also have an advantage over space telescopes: The instruments can be deployed, repaired and updated much more quickly and inexpensively. The
Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy use airplanes to observe in the
infrared, which is absorbed by
water vapor in the atmosphere.
High-altitude balloons for X-ray astronomy have been used in a variety of countries.
Neutrino observatories Example underground, underwater or under ice neutrino observatories include: • 1998–2003
Gallium Neutrino Observatory • 1999–2006
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory • 2003
Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope • 2010
IceCube Neutrino Observatory • 2012
Helium and Lead Observatory (HALO) ==Meteorological observatories==