===
Philippine languages=== ====
Ilokano====
Ilokano personal pronouns distinguish three cases:
absolutive,
ergative, and
oblique. They also distinguish three numbers:
singular,
dual and
plural. Accent marks in the following table are not written, but given here for pronunciation purposes. ====
Tagalog==== Like nouns,
Tagalog personal pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect forms also function as the genitive. ====
Cebuano==== Like nouns,
Cebuano personal pronouns are categorized by case. •
The two sets of tag-iya case function similarly except that the primary tag-iya would need the unifying linker nga and the modifier tag-iya cannot be used as complementary adjective. •
The final syllable of a primary tag-iya pronoun is mostly dropped. When the pronoun is not the first word of the sentence, the short form is more commonly used than the full form. •
When the object is a second person pronoun, use ta instead of ko. ===
Malay=== The informal pronouns
aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami, and
kita are indigenous to Malay. However, there are more personal pronouns according to formality, see more at
Malay grammar. ;Possessive pronouns
Aku, kamu, engkau, and
ia have short possessive
enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic
dia:
meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table". ===
Javanese=== Javanese lacks some personal pronouns. For the first person plural, Javanese use
awaké dhèwè, literally meaning "the body itself" (cf. Malay : badannya sendiri) or just
dhèwè, that originally means "itself" or "alone". For the third person singular, Javanese uses
dhèwèké that means "itself" (cf. Malay: ), from +
-k- (archaic glottal stop)+
-(n)é (3rd person possessive enclitic), or ' (cf. Malay: ) that means "the person", from
wong (person)+
-(n)é (3rd person possessive enclitic, that is also used for demonstrative). The rest of plural pronouns uses words
kabèh/
sedaya/
sedanten, all of them meaning "all" after the singular form. ;Possessive pronouns , and have short possessive
enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns: , , "my house (formal), our house (informal), your house (more formal)". ===
Polynesian languages===
Tongan The Tongan cardinal pronouns are the main
personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the
verb) or postposed (after the verb). The first are the normal pronouns, the latter the stressed pronouns, which are also used as
reflexive pronouns.
Samoan Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for
inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes
singular,
dual, and
plural. The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of the speaker. In formal speech, fuller forms of the roots
mā-,
tā-, and
lā- are
‘imā-,
‘itā-, and
‘ilā-. Hawaiian The a-class possessive pronouns refer to
alienable possession, as with boats, children, clothing, and spouses. The o-class possessive pronouns refer to inalienable (incapable of being begun or ended) possession, as with parents and body parts. ==See also==