Baland Jalal

Jalal was born in Bulgaria to Kurdish parents who had fled the war in Iraq and later moved to Denmark. In a 2022 interview with Vox, he recounted spending part of his childhood in a refugee camp before growing up in a disadvantaged neighborhood in Denmark marked by violence and gang activity. In interviews with Danish media, he has recalled navigating a difficult social environment during his upbringing, while also describing his home life as stable and supportive. Jalal has stated that he struggled academically in his early schooling and did not initially perform well in formal education. He has attributed this in part to a lack of academic role models and what he has described as limited institutional encouragement within his school environment. In an interview with the Danish newspaper Politiken, Jalal noted: “We were six different nationalities in my class and caused a lot of disruption. And the teachers were — with few exceptions — authoritarian types. They did not motivate us to invest in education as a path to a better and more secure life.”In the same interview he stated that during this period he disengaged from formal schooling and spent much of his time daydreaming or disrupting classes, but described a shift in motivation during high school after developing an interest in reading and self-directed learning. Jalal has recounted experiencing episodes of sleep paralysis from a young age, which he later cited as an influence on his interest in the scientific study of the brain and mind. == Career ==

Jalal is a neuroscientist at the Harvard University Department of Psychology. He previously served as a research consultant at McLean Hospital, a Harvard Medical School teaching hospital, and was a visiting researcher at the University of Cambridge, where he earned his Ph.D. from Trinity College. At Cambridge, he conducted research under neuroscientists Barbara Sahakian and Trevor Robbins at the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute. During his time at Harvard, Jalal completed postdoctoral research under psychologist Richard J. McNally, who also served as a co-supervisor during his doctoral training. Early in his career, Jalal collaborated with V. S. Ramachandran, in California, whom he describes as a mentor and "like a second father". A 2016 profile in Business Insider described their collaboration as formative to Jalal's later research on the brain and neuropsychiatric disorders. The two went on to co-author ten scientific papers. He has been invited to lecture at universities in the United States and Europe, including a talk at Oxford University's Sherrington Society, one of the university's long-established medical societies. ==Research and theory==

Jalal’s research spans neuroscience and psychiatry, including the mechanisms underlying perception, consciousness, and mental disorders. His work combines experimental and clinical research, and cross-cultural approaches to study sleep conditions and dream states, hallucinations, anxiety-related conditions, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. He has also contributed to research on human motivation and subjective experience, including studies on outcome uncertainty and intrinsic motivation. Sleep paralysis Sleep paralysis, is a condition in which individuals experience temporary paralysis upon waking or falling asleep, often accompanied by vivid hallucinations. Jalal has conducted studies exploring sleep paralysis in diverse populations, including samples from Egypt, Italy, Poland, Denmark, Turkey, the United States, and South Africa. Jalal's findings have highlighted how cultural beliefs shape the experience, interpretation, and distress associated with sleep paralysis. In a 2023 essay in TIME Magazine, he wrote: “Once sleep paralysis is feared as a mythical monster, anxiety runs amok, triggering unwanted awakenings at night and effectively more sleep paralysis. This vicious cycle perpetually feeds into itself until sleep paralysis becomes chronic, prolonged and potentially pathological.” Their theories explore the roles of the right superior parietal lobule, body image projection, mirror neurons, and the neuropharmacology of hallucinations. Jalal developed one of the first treatment approaches for sleep paralysis, known as Meditation-Relaxation Therapy (MR Therapy). The method combines cognitive reappraisal, emotional distancing, focused attention, and relaxation techniques to help manage recurrent episodes. In collaboration with researchers at the University of Bologna, he co-authored the first published clinical trial evaluating a treatment for sleep paralysis, which tested the MR Therapy approach. Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) In 2015 Jalal, working with V. S. Ramachandran, conducted some of the first studies using the rubber hand illusion to examine body image in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). They found that when a rubber hand was "contaminated" with fake feces during the illusion, healthy participants reported experiencing OCD-like disgust. In 2019, collaborating with Richard J. McNally and V. S. Ramachandran, Jalal showed that OCD patients were more susceptible to the illusion—even when visual and tactile cues were misaligned—suggesting a more flexible body image. This research also proposed the illusion as a form of indirect exposure therapy for OCD. In a 2017 study, Jalal and Ramachandran found that individuals with OCD symptoms experienced disgust simply by watching an experimenter contaminate themselves, and relief when watching them wash. In 2020, the findings were extended to a clinical OCD group with similar results. In later work with Barbara Sahakian and Ramachandran, Jalal tested a digital self-observation technique in which participants with subclinical OCD watched daily smartphone videos of themselves touching fake feces or washing their hands. After one week, participants showed measurable improvements in symptoms. == Reception ==

Jalal's research has been covered widely in international media. In 2025, CNN described him as "a leading expert on sleep paralysis." The BBC, VOX and The Daily Telegraph have likewise described him as "one of the world's leading experts" on the condition." BBC News previously covered his use of the rubber hand illusion as a potential therapy, calling it as "a party trick involving a fake hand" used in new treatment studies for OCD, while Reuters noted it could help patients better tolerate exposure therapy. BBC Future has profiled his work on nightmares and sleep paralysis. The Guardian, Today, Der Spiegel, have also reported on his studies of hallucinations and cultural interpretations of the condition. Expertscape has ranked Jalal as the leading global expert on sleep paralysis. His meditation-relaxation treatment for sleep paralysis was described in New York Magazine as "the most effective talisman against sleep paralysis." Jalal has been active in public communication of science. He has appeared on podcasts including The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast, Science Vs, and The School of Greatness, where he has discussed topics such as sleep, dreams, nightmares, and psychiatric disorders. He has delivered TEDx talks and has lectured at public and academic institutions, including the University of Oxford and Harvard University. He has written about topics in neuroscience including sleep, dreams, consciousness, and mental health, with work appearing in outlets such as Time, Scientific American, Big Think, and The Boston Globe. Jalal's work has been covered by media such as CNN, The Washington Post, Today, NBC News, The Times, and others. He has also appeared on broadcast media, including NPR's The Pulse, and BBC's Victoria Derbyshire show and the BBC documentary Uncanny. Since 2023, Jalal has taught courses on neuroscience at the Peterson Academy, an online learning platform founded by Mikhaila Fuller and Jordan B Peterson. His courses include Introduction to Neuroscience, The Neuroscience of Human Nature, The Neuroscience of Dreams, the Neuroscience of Love, Intro to Neuropsychiatry, and the Neuroscience of Well-Being and Optimal Performance. == Personal life ==

In interviews, Jalal has described an international and travel-intensive working life, during which he has spent extended periods in different countries in connection with research, teaching, and public engagement. He has stated that throughout much of his career he has moved between Europe and the United States, often combining academic work with public lectures and media appearances. At the same time, he has expressed a desire in the longer term to settle more permanently and prioritize time with his family. He has stated that he is not married and does not have children. Jalal has noted that Danish is his native language and that he speaks Kurdish with his parents. He grew up as the middle child in a family of three siblings. He has also stated that he learned Arabic during his studies in Egypt. Jalal has described himself as Muslim in public interviews. == Books ==

Jalal has authored and co-authored books spanning neuroscience, sleep science, and clinical psychology/psychiatry. • Jalal, Baland (2026-05-21). The Phantom Mind: Insights from the Borderlands of Sleep. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780241729434. • Hinton, Devon E.; Jalal, Baland (2020). Transdiagnostic Multiplex CBT for Muslim Cultural Groups: Treating Emotional Disorders. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108671217. doi:10.1017/9781108671217 Book overviews The Phantom Mind (with Penguin, 2026): examines sleep-related phenomena that arise during transitions between wakefulness and REM sleep, when dream imagery can intrude into conscious awareness. Drawing on neuroscience the book explores how the brain's predictive processes generate vivid hallucinations—often experienced as intruders or presences—and how expectations and cultural beliefs shape these perceptions. Jalal uses these sleep states as a lens to investigate broader questions about consciousness, self-perception, and human nature. Hack Your Brain (Danish: Hack din hjerne; Gyldendal, 2026): explores the brain and dreams. Based on Jalal's personal experiences with sleep paralysis and nightmares, it examines how fear arises, how negative patterns form, and how mental habits may be reshaped. The book combines personal narratives with neuroscience research and practical approaches to understanding how difficult experiences can contribute to psychological resilience. Transdiagnostic Multiplex CBT for Muslim Cultural Groups(with Devon E. Hinton; Cambridge University Press, 2020): presents a culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy framework designed for Muslim patients and communities. The book integrates standard CBT techniques with religious and cultural concepts, addressing anxiety, mood disorders, somatic symptoms, and comorbidity in immigrant and refugee populations. == See also ==

• Jalal, B.; Ramachandran, V. S. (2014). Sleep paralysis and “the bedroom intruder”: The role of the right superior parietal, phantom pain and body image projection. Medical Hypotheses. 83 (6): 755–757. • Jalal, B.; Settlage, B. L.; Ramachandran, V. S. (2014). Science, epistemology, and future prospects for psychoanalysis. Neuropsychoanalysis. 16 (2): 115–127. • Jalal, B.; Krishnakumar, D.; Ramachandran, V. S. (2015). “I feel contaminated in my fake hand”: Obsessive-compulsive-disorder-like disgust sensations arise from a dummy during the rubber hand illusion. PLoS One. 10 (12): e0139159. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139159. • Jalal, B. (2016). How to make the ghosts in my bedroom disappear? Focused-attention meditation combined with muscle relaxation (MR therapy): A direct treatment intervention for sleep paralysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 28. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00028. • Jalal, B.; Ramachandran, V. S. (2017). “I feel your disgust and relief”: Can the action understanding system (mirror neuron system) be recruited to induce disgust and relief from contamination vicariously? Neurocase. 23 (1): 31–35. doi:10.1080/13554794.2017.1293703. • Ramachandran, V. S.; Jalal, B. (2017). The evolutionary psychology of envy and jealousy. Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 1619. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619. • Jalal, B.; Bruhl, A. B.; O'Callaghan, C.; Piercy, T.; Cardinal, R. N.; Ramachandran, V. S.; Sahakian, B. J. (2018). Novel smartphone interventions improve cognitive flexibility and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in individuals with contamination fears. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29393-2. • Jalal, B. (2018). The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: Serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug. Psychopharmacology. 235 (11): 3083–3091. • Jalal, B.; Moruzzi, L.; Zangrandi, A.; Filardi, M.; Franceschini, C.; Pizza, F.; et al. (2020). Meditation-relaxation (MR therapy) for sleep paralysis: A pilot study in patients with narcolepsy. Frontiers in Neurology. 11: 922. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00922. • Jalal, B.; McNally, R. J.; Elias, J.; Ramachandran, V. S. (2020). Vicarious exposure: “Spooky action” at a distance in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100567. == References ==