Baltasar Garzón

Born in Torres, Jaén, Garzón graduated from the University of Seville in 1979. He was appointed to the Audiencia Nacional in 1988, and rapidly made his name in Spain by pursuing the Basque separatist group ETA. In December 2023 he married his partner, former Attorney General of Spain Dolores Delgado. ==Political career==

In 1993, Garzón asked for an extended leave of absence as a judge and went into politics, running for the Congress of Deputies (the lower house of parliament) as an independent candidate on the party list of the then ruling party Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE). Prime Minister Felipe González appointed him head of a strengthened National Plan Against Drugs, but Garzón resigned shortly after being appointed, complaining of lack of support from the government, and returned to the Audiencia Nacional. ==Selected Spanish cases==

Government Death Squads GAL (Spanish: Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación, "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups") were state terrorist death squads illegally established by officials of the Spanish government during the Basque conflict to fight against ETA, the main Basque separatist militant group. They were active from 1983 to 1987. Garzon's 1994 investigation led to the conviction of José Barrionuevo Peña, a former Interior minister, as head of GAL and specifically, for ordering and financing the kidnap of alleged ETA activist, Segundo Marey. Drug-trafficking Garzón supervised several police operations against drug-trafficking in Galicia from about 1990. Colombian cartels, such as the Medellín Cartel, were using the Galician mafia, already accustomed to smuggling tobacco, to smuggle drugs into Spain. In 1990, Operación Nécora led to the conviction of members of the clan led by Laureano Oubiña. The following year Garzón headed another investigation, Operación Pitón, which led to the conviction of members of the Charlines clan. Caso Atlético In 1999, Garzón investigated Jesús Gil, the former mayor of Marbella and owner of Atlético Madrid, who was convicted in 2002 on grounds of corruption. Ban of Basque parties Batasuna, EAE-ANV and EHAK On 3 September 2002, Garzón accused the Basque party Batasuna of helping and funding ETA, participating in the armed organization, and as such, involved in "crimes against humanity". Police shut down offices and property of the party on Garzon's orders, and suspended for three years the operations of the party. By 2007, 22 party leaders had been arrested. In February 2009, ahead of the Spanish general election on 9 March 2008, Garzón suspended the Basque parties EAE-ANV and EHAK (PCTV), and ordered the closure of their headquarters, premises, establishments and any other venues, as well as blocking the parties' bank accounts. In April 2008, the judge put on trial 41 members of the party, including Arnaldo Otegi. In March 2009, Garzón indicted 44 members constituting the leadership of the three parties in an indictment numbering 583 pages. The judge stated that "EAE-ANV and EHAK (PCTV) were manipulated by the members of the national committee of Batasuna to continue the criminal pursuit designed by ETA". Francoist atrocities In October 2008, Garzón formally declared as crimes against humanity the acts of repression committed by the Nationalist government during the Spanish Civil War and the years that followed the war accounting for more than one hundred thousand killings. He also ordered the exhumation of 19 unmarked mass graves, one of them believed to contain the remains of the poet Federico García Lorca. This action was controversial because the offenses were nearly 70 years old, occurring before the concept of crimes against humanity, and a 1977 Amnesty Act which barred investigations into criminal offenses with a political aim prior to 1976. On 17 November 2008, the inquiry was suspended by Garzón after state prosecutors had questioned his jurisdiction. In a 152-page statement, he passed responsibility to regional courts for opening 19 mass graves believed to hold the remains of hundreds of victims. Bribery of politicians Garzón started a major corruption inquiry, code-named "Gürtel" from the name of its ringleader, Francisco Correa, ("Gürtel" being German for "belt", which is the meaning of "correa" in Spanish). The detainees were accused of bribes given to the People's Party politicians to obtain lucrative government contracts. The accused requested that the evidence be ruled inadmissible, since it was obtained from conversations between prisoners and counsel, which, under Spanish law, it was claimed, is allowed only in terrorism-related cases. ==Selected international cases==

Augusto Pinochet On 10 October 1998, Garzón issued an international warrant for the arrest of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet for the alleged deaths and torture of Spanish citizens. The Chilean Truth Commission (1990–91) report was the basis for the warrant, marking the first full use of the Spanish law principle of universal jurisdiction (which allows suspects in international cases to be tried in Spain, even if there is no immediate connection to the country) to attempt to try a former dictator for a crime committed abroad. This action also had the effect of encouraging the Chilean justice system into action. Kissinger and Operation Condor Garzón asked for permission to interview former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger about terrorism and genocide that occurred as part of Operation Condor. Permission was refused. Argentina's Dirty War Garzón also filed charges of genocide and terrorism against Argentine military officers for the disappearance of Spanish citizens during Argentina's 1976–1983 dictatorship's Dirty War. Eventually, Adolfo Scilingo and Miguel Angel Cavallo were prosecuted in separate cases. Cavallo was extradited from Mexico to Spain in 2003 and eventually tried in Argentina. Guantanamo Garzón issued indictments for five Guantanamo detainees, including Spaniard Abderrahman Ahmad and Jordanian Jamil El Banna. Ahmad was extradited to Spain on 14 February 2004. El Banna was released to the United Kingdom, and in 2007, Garzón dropped the charges against him on humanitarian grounds. Bush Six In March 2009, Garzón considered whether Spain should allow charges to be filed against former officials from the United States government under George W. Bush for offering justifications for torture. The six former Bush officials are: Alberto Gonzales, former Attorney General John Yoo, of the Office of Legal Counsel; Douglas Feith, former undersecretary of defense for policy; William Haynes II, former general counsel for the Department of Defense; Jay Bybee, also at Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel; and David Addington, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff. However, the investigation was assigned to Judge Eloy Velasco who chose not to pursue it stating that Spain could not investigate the case if the U.S. did not intend to conduct its own investigation into the matter. On 29 April 2009, Garzón opened an investigation into an alleged "systematic programme" of torture at Guantánamo Bay, following accusations by four former prisoners. Similarly, the leaked cable indicates that the Chief Prosecutor intended to also fight this investigation and that he feared, "Garzón may attempt to wring all the publicity he can from the case unless and until he is forced to give it up." In September 2009, the Spanish newspaper Público reported that, despite opposition, Garzón was proceeding to the next phase of his investigation. ==Appearance before the Spanish Supreme Court==

In April 2010 the Supreme Court of Spain admitted three criminal accusations against Garzón for 'prevarication' or willful abuse of power, a criminal offense punishable by suspension from any (Spanish) judicial activity for up to twenty years. The three accusations were: for opening the investigation into Francoist atrocities; for bugging corruption suspects linked to the opposition Popular Party (Caso Gürtel); and for allegedly dropping an investigation into the head of Spain's biggest bank Santander after receiving payments for giving courses sponsored by the bank in New York. The first indictment originated in September 2009, when a trade union called "Manos limpias" (Clean Hands) filed a criminal complaint to the Supreme Court against Garzón alleging that Garzón had abused his judicial authority by opening the inquiry into Francoist atrocities. Private prosecution () is a unique feature of Spanish criminal law that allows a citizen or organisation to participate in prosecuting crimes in the public interest, even if they were not personally harmed, with the aim of reinforcing citizen oversight of public justice. Manos Limpias is a "far-right group," according to The New York Times that had filed seventeen complaints against Garzón since 1997, all of which had been dismissed prior to this one. Garzón denied any wrongdoing. As a result Garzón was indicted by the Spanish Supreme Court for willful abuse of power for allegedly arbitrarily changing his juridical criteria in order to bypass the law limiting his jurisdiction. Garzón's indictment was highly divisive within Spain and controversial abroad. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the indictment, and The New York Times published an editorial supporting him, whereas The Wall Street Journal condemned Garzón's proceedings in an editorial supporting the rule of law. There were public protests in Spain from groups supporting Garzón. The International Commission of Jurists considered that his short-lived inquiry did not justify disciplinary action, let alone criminal prosecution, adding that the prosecution of judges for carrying out their professional work was "an inappropriate and unwarranted interference with the independence of the judicial process". Human Rights Watch called for Spanish authorities tp abide by the United Nations call for an end to its 1977 amnesty law rather than prosecuting a judge seeking accountability for past abuses. They also drew attention to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which Spain ratified in 1977. In the third indictment the allegation was that Garzón had dropped (adjourned sine die) a case against the director of Santander, Emilio Botín, in return for sponsorship by the bank of some university courses delivered in New York by Garzón between 2005 and 2006. Luciano Varela accepted the appeal and temporarily stepped out from the case until the Supreme Court rules on the appeal. Judge Varela subsequently determined that Garzon should stand trial and so on Friday, 14 May 2010, Garzón was suspended from judicial activity He alleged that the five judges should be disqualified from officiating in any way because they had participated in pre-trial activities and thus may have an interest in the outcome that might affect their impartiality. Trial On 9 February 2012, the Supreme Court ruled that judge Baltasar Garzón was guilty of illegally ordering the placement of wiretaps in gaols to record conversations between inmates and their lawyers in a case of corruption in Caso Gürtel descdribed above. Under Spanish law, such wiretaps are only expressly permitted for terrorism cases and the legality of their use in other cases is more vague. The Supreme Court also barred Garzón from the legal profession for 11 years. The court said: "Garzón's methods are typical of totalitarian countries, without any respect of the right of defence." Since Garzon cannot appeal the charges, his career as a Spanish judge is likely to have ended. He was also fined €2,500. People protested the trial and ruling outside the court with banners calling for "justice" and photos of the people said to have been killed by the Franco regime. Many other judges also came out in support of Garzón. It was later revealed that the Supreme Court had made a mistake in sentencing by overlooking the fact the Garzón had already been suspended for nearly a year. In Spain, there were also statements in support of the ruling. The progressive Judges for Democracy association stated that "The Supreme Court and any other criminal court can only be asked to apply the law and respect the presumption of innocence. This must be both in determining the facts and in interpreting the norm. Whether or not one agrees with the Court's decision and the interpretation on which it is founded, we must state that the Supreme Court has ruled in this context and should not be disqualified as such an institution for it. Margarita Robles, member of the General Council of the Judiciary and former Subsecretary of State with the socialist government, said that the Supreme Court ruling was "legally impeccable" and had been produced as part of a procedure "with all the guarantees." A few days later, on 13 February, the charge of bribery was dropped due to the statute of limitations. The case was closed Garzon was later cleared of the indictment relating to his investigation of Francoist atrocities. On 8 February 2012, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights demanded the 1977 Amnesty Law to be repealed, on the basis that it violates international human rights law and under which there is no statute of limitations for crimes against humanity. In 2013, a UN working group of experts again called upon Spain to repeal the 1977 law. ==Allegations of politicisation of the judiciary==

In June 2010, Garzón was recruited as a consultant to the ICC. The alleged "political colonisation" ==Other work==

In July 2012, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange recruited the disbarred Garzón as head of his legal team. In September 2012, Garzón wrote an article in The Journal Jurisprudence outlining his views on sexual violence during wartimes. ==Awards and honors==

• 2009 Hermann Kesten Prize • 2010 International Hrant Dink Award • 2010 Prix René Cassin awarded by Jeune République, after a jury decision composed by Dominique de Villepin, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Bertrand Badie, Stanley Hoffmann, Souleymane Bashir Diagne, Eva Joly, Mireille Delmas Marty and others. The work was designed by Miquel Barcelo (May 2010) • 2011 Kant-Weltbürger-Preis, in Freiburg i.Br. in Germany, after a jury decision of the Kant Gesellschaft. The papers of the ceremony on 7 May 2011 were published in Berthold Lange (Hrsg.), Weltbürgerrrecht, Ergon Verlag, Würzburg, 2012. .Prix Garzón was awarded 22 Honoris Causa Doctoral Degrees in 10 years, between 1999 and November 2009: 16 from Latin American countries, two from the US, two from the UK, and one from Belgium. His 22nd "Honoris Causa" Doctoral Degree award, awarded by the University of Jaén on 9 November 2009, was his first to be received in Spain. ==Bibliography==