Emergence The Banu Munqidh were an
Arab family belonging to the Kinana branch of the
Banu Kalb tribe. Although the Banu Kalb were largely concentrated around Damascus in the late 10th century, the Kinana inhabited the eastern environs of the
Orontes River in northern
Syria. A member of the family, Ali ibn Munqidh ibn Nasr al-Kinani, is first mentioned in when he was taken captive by the
Byzantines during an attack against the
Hamdanid rulers of northern Syria in which the prominent Hamdanid poet and governor
Abu Firas al-Hamdani was also captured. It was not until the 11th century that the Banu Munqidh emerged in regional politics. At that time, the family entered the service of
Salih ibn Mirdas, founder of the
Aleppo-based
Mirdasid dynasty. According to the historian Suhayl Zakkar, the Banu Munqidh were numerous and strong enough at the time to "play an influential role in the life of the Mirdasid dynasty". Upon capturing Aleppo in 1025, Salih granted the Munqhidite chieftain, Muqallad ibn Nasr ibn Munqidh, the lands around
Shayzar as an
iqṭāʿ (land tax grant; plural:
iqṭāʿat); the town of Shayzar itself was in Byzantine hands, however. With their assignment to Shayzar being in name only, the Banu Munqidh instead used
Kafartab as their headquarters.
Reign of Ali Muqallad died in 1059, after which his son Sadid al-Mulk Ali inherited his
iqṭāʿ. Tensions with the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo,
Mahmud ibn Nasr, led Ali to depart Aleppo for
Tripoli. The historian
Thierry Bianquis notes that Ali afterward "was able to carve out for himself, to the detriment of the Banu Kilab#Syria|[Banu] Kilab, a lordship over the middle Orontes [valley]." The Banu Kilab were the
Bedouin tribe to which the Mirdasids belonged, and a branch of the tribe, the Ja'far, dwelt in the middle Orontes. During the chaotic succession process following Mahmud's death, Ali was instrumental in installing Mahmud's son Sabiq as Aleppo's emir in 1076. However, Sabiq's succession was opposed by other Mirdasids and the Banu Kilab, who favored Sabiq's brother Waththab. After a number of major battles between the opposing sides and amid severe famine in Aleppo,
Muslim ibn Quraysh, the
Uqaylid emir of
Mosul saw an opportunity to take the city. In the aftermath of his entry into Aleppo in 1080 and the refusal of the Mirdasids to surrender the citadel, Ali intervened to mediate between the two sides. Ultimately, Ali facilitated the city's surrender to Ibn Quraysh in return for the allotment of
iqṭāʿat to the Mirdasids in Aleppo's hinterland.
Struggle for Shayzar became the headquarters of the Banu Munqidh between 1080 until the citadel's collapse and the family's consequent demise in the
1157 earthquake Meanwhile, the Banu Munqidh led renewed efforts to capture the
Shayzar fortress in what historian
Hugh N. Kennedy described as a "long, drawn out process". The catalyst of these efforts was the weakening grip of the Byzantines in northern Syria following their defeat by the
Seljuk Sultanate at the
Battle of Manzikert in 1071. In 1076, Ali began the construction of the Hisn al-Jisr fortress, which would limit Shayzar's access to the Orontes River. Hisn al-Jisr was used to hamper the flow of supplies into Shayzar from the Byzantine mainland. At the time, it was also utilized by Ali for diplomatic efforts amid the struggle for Syria between the ascendant Seljuks and their opponents. In 1078/79, he sheltered the families of the Seljuks' Turkish opponents from Aleppo and he hosted the Seljuk general Afshin, persuading him to spare both Kafartab and Byzantine Shayzar from his pillaging. These were early demonstrations of how "diplomatic skills, more than military power, enabled the Banu Munqidh to maintain their precarious independence", according to Kennedy. The Banu Munqidh's pressure on Shayzar compelled its Byzantine rulers to surrender the fortress to Ali in December 1081 in exchange for an unknown sum and guarantees of upkeep of the local bishop's home. Shayzar became the center of the Munqidhite emirate (principality). The family under Ali soon after faced a siege by the Uqaylids but leveraged their significant wealth to settle with Ibn Quraysh. By the time of Ali's death in 1082, the Munqidhite emirate extended to the
Mediterranean port town of
Latakia and included
Apamea and a few smaller places, in addition to Shayzar and Kafartab.
Reign of Nasr Ali was succeeded by his son Nasr. The principal challenge the Banu Munqidh faced during Nasr's reign was the expansion of Seljuk rule into Syria. Like during their previous encounter with the Uqaylids, the family employed the same strategy of paying a large sum of money to stave off an attack by the Seljuk ruler
Sulayman ibn Qutulmush in 1085. Moreover, Nasr's conviction that the Seljuks could not be defeated led him to cede his family's territories in Latakia, Apamea and Kafartab to the sultanate in exchange for their firm recognition of the Banu Munqidh's possession of Shayzar in 1086/87. Through his good offices with the Seljuk ruler of Aleppo,
Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, he was able to return the ceded towns to the Banu Munqidh in 1091. However, in 1096 Apamea and Kafartab were lost to the family's Arab rival,
Khalaf ibn Mula'ib, the formerly semi-independent lord of
Homs. Ibn Mula'ib was a former subordinate of Nasr who he gradually had to contend with as a frequently hostile neighbor of the Banu Munqidh. In one encounter, Nasr was badly defeated in an ambush by Ibn Mula'ib during an attack outside Shayzar.
Reign of Sultan 's Byzantine-Crusader coalition
siege of Shayzar in 1138, French manuscript 1338. In 1098, Nasr died and the lordship of Shayzar passed to his brothers. For unknown reasons, Nasr's brother and chosen successor, Murshid, withdrew himself from the line of succession in favor of his younger brother Sultan, who had served as the Banu Munqidh's governor in Latakia. Murshid maintained a prominent leadership role as his then-childless brother's deputy. At the turn of the 11th century, the Banu Munqidh's possessions were under threat not only by their Turkish suzerains, but also the encroachments of the Banu Kilab, the growing presence of the
Nizari Ismailis in the
coastal mountains of northern Syria and the newly arrived
Crusaders. During Sultan's reign, the Banu Munqidh had become more numerous and Sultan chiefly depended on his own kinsmen in confrontations with the constellation of powers, local and regional, that controlled northern Syria. He could also rely on his Kinana tribesmen and the
militia of Shayzar. To a much lesser extent the family recruited
Kurdish mercenaries and Turkish
mamluks (slave soldiers). Meanwhile, an alliance was formed with Ibn Mula'ib despite the wounding of Sultan and Murshid in a battle with him in 1104. Together, the Banu Munqidh and Ibn Mula'ib attacked a small Crusader-held fort in their region in 1106, but Ibn Mula'ib betrayed the Banu Munqidh by deserting and stealing their horses. Before the family could retaliate, Ibn Mula'ib was killed by an Ismai'il assassin. At this time, friendly relations were also established with the family's other erstwhile rivals, the Turkish Ibn Qaraja emirs of Hama and Homs. The principal Crusader threat to the Banu Munqidh was posed by the neighboring
Principality of Antioch. The ruler of Antioch,
Tancred attacked and plundered the Banu Munqidh's emirate in 1110 and imposed a heavy tribute on Shayzar, a testament to its wealth at the time. The following year, Tancred built the Tell Ibn Ma'shar fortress along the west bank of the Orontes, across from Shayzar, to prepare an assault against the city. Sultan reached out to
Mawdud, the Seljuk ruler of Mosul, for military support, while Tancred gathered a larger Crusader coalition including the rulers of
Jerusalem and
Tripoli. In the ensuing
Battle of Shayzar, which according to Kennedy was more of "a prolonged confrontation" than a battle, the Crusader armies retreated in October 1111. Nonetheless, the Banu Munqidh continued paying the annual tribute to Antioch. Shayzar also became a target of the Isma'ilis subsequent to their exodus to the coastal mountains due to persecution they faced in Syria's major cities. They attempted to seize Shayzar in 1114 while the Banu Munqidh family were away participating in the Easter celebrations of their
Orthodox Christian subjects. The attack was launched by the town's Isma'ili inhabitants, who had been generally well-tolerated by the Banu Munqidh. About one hundred Isma'ilis seized the citadel, expelling its residents. A bloody struggle ensued upon the Banu Munqidh's return to Shayzar, and involved the participation of the family's women. The Ismai'ili attackers were all killed by the Banu Munqidh, as well as all the Isma'ilis living in Shayzar. The family applied unspecified measures to prevent a recurrence. The following year, a Muslim–Crusader coalition composed of
Roger of Antioch,
Toghtekin of Damascus and
Ilghazi of
Mardin besieged Shayzar in response to the plans of the Banu Munqidh's ally Mawdud of Mosul to conquer Syria.
Suzerainty of the Zengids In 1127 Sultan put the Banu Munqidh under the suzerainty of the ascendant Muslim ruler of Mosul and Aleppo, founder of the
Zengid dynasty Imad al-Din, which allowed for a greater level of security for the family's domains. This was interrupted by a short siege of Shayzar by the Imad al-Din's principal Muslim rival, the
Burid ruler of
Damascus Shams al-Mulk Isma'il, in 1133 and a greater crisis by the Byzantine–Crusader
siege of Shayzar in 1138 led by
John II Komnenos. The Byzantine-led army initially attacked the Banu Munqidh-held forts of Kafartab and Hisn al-Jisr, causing their inhabitants to flee, before proceeding in their assault against Shayzar. Arabic and Greek sources both indicate that the Banu Munqidh and the people of Shayzar resisted the siege and the Byzantines' catapults for several days before John II's army withdrew. However, the Arabic sources claim the Byzantines left after hearing of the arrival of Zengid reinforcements, while the Greek sources claim the withdrawal was precipitated by a Zengid attack on
Edessa and Sultan's offer to pay off John II. The domain of the Banu Munqidh entered a long period of stability and prosperity beginning in 1138. Shayzar and it's dependencies remained under the control of Sultan who ruled under the authority of the Zengid dynasty. However, in 1140/41 the Ismai'ils captured the fortress of
Masyaf from the Banu Munqidh, who had purchased it in 1127/28. It thereafter became the Isma'ilis' main stronghold in Syria. This generally peaceful period also coincided with tensions between Sultan and his nephews. Murshid's position as the Banu Munqidh's second highest-ranking leader enabled the latter's sons, including
Usama, to rise politically within the emirate. They gained a reputation for their martial and diplomatic skills and Sultan viewed their prominence as a threat to his leadership. These tensions culminated after Murshid's death in 1136/37 and the birth of Sultan's son Taj al-Mulk Muhammad in the following year. As a consequence, Usama and his brothers were exiled from Shayzar, finding asylum with
Nur al-Din, the Zengid emir of Aleppo. After Sultan's death in 1154, Taj al-Mulk Muhammad succeeded him without incident.
Demise and surviving members Taj al-Mulk, his children, and all members of the Banu Munqidh present in Shayzar, except for Taj al-Dawla's wife, died in the collapse of the Shayzar citadel during the
August 1157 earthquake, which devastated a number of other towns in the area. This brought an end to their rule of the Shayzar principality, which was soon after seized by Nur al-Din to prevent its capture by the Crusaders. Nur al-Din did not seek to find any surviving members of the Banu Munqidh to resume their lordship of Shayzar, whose fortifications he had promptly restored. Instead, he handed the town over to a certain Sabiq al-Din Uthman ibn al-Daya. The latter's family, the
Banu al-Daya, remained the lords of Shayzar through
Ayyubid rule until 1233. Among those of the Banu Munqidh who were not present during the earthquake was Usama, who became the best known member of the family. He left the Zengids' service in 1164 to work for the
Artuqids of
Hisn Kayfa, where he remained for ten years. Afterward, through his son Murhaf's good offices with the Ayyubid sultan
Saladin, who had taken over Damascus in 1174, he entered the latter's service. By 1176 Usama was forced into retirement, during which time he composed his anthology
Lubab al-adab and memoirs, ''
Kitab al-I'tibar'', the latter of which is an important historical source for the Crusades. Usama's nephew Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad (d. 1201) served as Saladin's envoy to the
Almohad Caliphate in the
Maghreb. Usama's cousins Mubarak ibn Kamil ibn Ali and Hittan ibn Kamil ibn Ali had been part of Saladin's administration in Egypt. In 1174 the two brothers accompanied the Ayyubid emir
Turan Shah in the conquest of Yemen, where they each successively served as governors of
Zabid. While Mubarak returned to Egypt and served in a high-ranking administrative position until his death in 1193, Hittan was ultimately executed in 1183/84 for the harshness of his rule and conflicts with other Ayyubid lieutenant governors in Yemen. Mubarak's son Jamal al-Din Isma'il served in the governments of the Ayyubid sultans
al-Adil () and
al-Kamil (). He died shortly after being appointed governor of
Harran in 1229. ==Diplomacy and social relations==