Bass trombone

'' (1614–20), by Michael Praetorius The earliest bass trombones were pitched a minor third, fourth, or fifth below the tenor, which was then pitched in A. They had a smaller bore and less flared bell than modern instruments, and a longer slide with an attached handle to allow slide positions otherwise beyond the reach of a fully outstretched arm. These bass sackbuts were sometimes called , , and (Old German, , referring to intervals below the tenor), though sometimes quartposaune was used generically to refer to any size of bass trombone. The earliest known surviving specimen is an instrument built in France in 1593 pitched in G (modern A=440 Hz). Other late 16th and early 17th-century specimens of basses survive by Nuremberg makers Anton Schnitzer, Isaac Ehe, and Hans and Sebastian Heinlein. These instruments match descriptions and illustrations by Praetorius from his 1614–20 Syntagma Musicum, by which time he only described basses in E or D (modern F or E), a fourth or a fifth below the tenor, and an which referred to a very large, rare, and unwieldy predecessor of the contrabass trombone. Based on Praetorius' descriptions, Canadian trombonist and early music specialist Maximilien Brisson proposes that a with an extra whole-tone crook resulted in an instrument in C, capable of playing down to the lowest G open string of the G Violone. By the late 17th century, the bass sackbut was mainly in D; German scholar and composer Daniel Speer only saw fit to mention the in his 1687 Grundrichtiger Unterricht treatise. , Boosey & Co., and Hawkes & Son (and later, Boosey & Hawkes) with no valves and a slide handle for reaching the longer sixth and seventh positions. The sight of the G bass trombone in the front rank of marching bands, with the player extending the long-handled slide, led to its "kidshifter" nickname, as if clearing a path for the band through the crowds. Instruments were made as early as 1869 in France with a Quartventil valve attachment in D, which extends the low register below D♭, the lowest (non-pedal) note in seventh position. British orchestras began to employ them from the early twentieth century. In 1932, Boosey & Hawkes introduced a "Betty" model, named after Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra bass trombonist William Betty, with a D valve and a second longer tuning slide for C (to obtain the low A♭ above the first pedal G). While British composers, writing for a G bass trombone without a valve, avoided writing below D♭ between 1850 and 1950, the D (or C) valve allowed British orchestral players to play European repertoire written with bass trombones in F or E♭ in mind. In the 1950s, some American orchestral players had double-valve instruments custom-built, and these designs were eventually adopted by manufacturers. In 1961, American maker Vincent Bach released their double-valve "50B2" model with a second dependent E valve (later E♭ and D), based on an instrument modified in 1956 for the bass trombonist with Minneapolis Symphony. In the late 1960s custom instruments appeared using a second independent valve that lowered the instrument to G, and to E♭ when engaged together with the first valve. The first commercially available trombone using this configuration was the Olds "S-24G" model in 1973. Although new to the bass trombone, this idea was anticipated in Germany in the 1920s by Ernst Dehmel's design for a contrabass trombone in F with two independent valves. The early 1980s saw the emergence of the axial flow valve, known as the "Thayer" valve after its American inventor, Orla Thayer. Trombonists frequently cite its more free-blowing, open-feeling playing characteristics and sound. It was gradually adopted on high-end trombone models from US manufacturers by the 1990s, particularly from Edwards, S. E. Shires and Vincent Bach. This sparked further innovation in free-blowing valves; Conn patented its own CL2000 valve developed with Swedish trombonist Christian Lindberg, and the Swiss Hagmann valve was adopted by European manufacturers. == Construction ==

The modern bass trombone uses the same length of tubing as the tenor trombone, but with a wider bore, a larger bell, and a larger mouthpiece which facilitate playing in the low register. Typical specifications are a bore size of in the slide with a bell from in diameter. Dependent and independent valves The bass trombone has typically two valves that lower the pitch of the instrument when engaged, to facilitate the register between the B♭1 pedal in first position and the E2 second partial in seventh. The first valve lowers the key of the instrument a fourth to F. The second (when engaged with the first) will lower the instrument to D (or less commonly, E♭). The second valve can be configured in one of two ways, either dependent on, or independent of, the first. In a dependent system, also known as stacked or off-line, the second valve is fitted to the tubing of the first valve, and can only be engaged in combination with the first. In an independent system, also known as in-line, the second valve is fitted to the main tubing next to the first valve, and can be used independently. The second independent valve typically lowers the instrument to G♭ on its own, and to D when engaged with the first valve. Less commonly the second valve is tuned to G (combining to give E♭), or has a tuning slide that can tune the valve to either G or G♭ as desired. Single-valve instruments Before the appearance of double valve models in the mid-20th century, bass trombones in B♭ had one valve in F. On such an instrument with a standard slide, the low B1 note immediately above the pedal range is unobtainable. To solve this, bass trombones from the 19th and early 20th century were sometimes made with a valve attachment in E rather than F, or with an alternative tuning slide to lower the pitch to E♭. Today, single-valve bass trombones have a tuning slide on the valve section that is long enough to enable access to the low B1 by lowering the pitch from F to E. == Range ==

{{Image frame | caption = Range of the modern bass trombone. | innerstyle = background:white;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0 | width = 230 | content = { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn \ottava #-1 \tweak font-size #-2 bes,,,1 \ottava #0 e,,1 \glissando g'1 \tweak font-size #-2 b'1 } }} The range of the modern bass trombone with two valves is fully chromatic from the lowest pedal B♭ with both valves engaged (or even A with valve slides extended), up to at least B♭. Although much of the established orchestral repertoire infrequently strays below B♭ or above G, and is typically written in the lower registers, there are some exceptions. French composers in the 19th century and early 20th century wrote third trombone parts for tenor trombone, writing as high as A (Bizet ''L'Arlésienne, Franck Symphony in D minor), and omitting notes below E except for occasional pedal notes (Berlioz in the 1830s used pedal B♭ and A in Symphonie fantastique, and G♯ in his Grande Messe des morts'' ). English composers in the same period were writing for a bass trombone in G, and avoided writing below D♭, even though instruments were made with a valve attachment in D by around 1900. The 20th century saw further extensions of the bass trombone range, such as the fortissimo pedal D in Berg's Drei Orchesterstücke (1915), and the high B in Kodály's 1927 Háry János suite. Contemporary orchestral and solo classical pieces, as well as modern jazz arrangements, often further exploit the wide tonal range of the bass trombone. == Repertoire ==

Since the Romantic period, the trombone section of an orchestra, wind ensemble, or British-style brass band usually consists of two tenor trombones and at least one bass trombone. In a modern jazz big band section of typically four trombones, the lowest part is usually intended for bass trombone, often serving as the anchor of the trombone section or doubling the double bass and baritone saxophone. George Roberts (affectionately known as "Mr. Bass Trombone") was one of the first players to champion the solo possibilities of the instrument. One of the first major classical solo works for the instrument was the Concerto for Bass Trombone by Thom Ritter George. == Images ==

File:F bass.jpg|Bass trombone in F File:BassTrombone.jpg|Bass trombone in E♭ == References ==