Names Originally called the ('Royal Opera'), the company was renamed the ('Prussian State Opera') in 1919. After
World War II it began operating as the national opera company for Communist
East Germany, taking the name ('German State Opera') in 1955. In the West and colloquially, however, people used the name ('State Opera ') after the
boulevard on which the theatre sits. This usage became more common after the collapse of East Germany in 1990, but, contrary to the company's website, it was not officially adopted until 1995 and the old name still appeared on new recordings issued by the company as late as the following year.
Early years King
Frederick II of Prussia, shortly after his accession to the throne, commissioned the original building on the site. Though architecturally significant as an early example of the Palladian revival in Germany, the north and west façades are direct copies of
Colen Campbell's elevations at
Stourhead and
Wanstead respectively. Construction work began in July 1741, with what was designed by
Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff to be the first part of a "Forum Fredericianum" on present-day
Bebelplatz. Although not entirely completed, the Court Opera (
Hofoper) was inaugurated with a performance of Carl Heinrich Graun's
Cesare e Cleopatra on 7 December 1742. This event marked the beginning of the successful, 250-year co-operation between the Staatsoper and the
Staatskapelle Berlin, the state orchestra, whose roots trace back to the 16th century. In 1821, the Berlin Opera—hosted at the
Schauspielhaus Berlin—gave the premiere of Weber's
Der Freischütz. In 1842,
Wilhelm Taubert instituted the tradition of regular symphonic concerts. In the same year,
Giacomo Meyerbeer succeeded
Gaspare Spontini as General Music Director.
Felix Mendelssohn also conducted symphonic concerts for a year. On 18 August 1843 the Linden Opera was destroyed by fire. The reconstruction of the building was supervised by architect
Carl Ferdinand Langhans, and the Königliches Opernhaus (Royal Opera House) was inaugurated the following autumn by a performance of Meyerbeer's
Ein Feldlager in Schlesien. In 1849, Otto Nicolai's
Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor was premiered at the Royal Opera House, conducted by the composer.
20th century At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Royal Court Opera, Berlin, attracted many illustrious conductors. They included
Felix von Weingartner,
Karl Muck,
Richard Strauss,
Leo Blech and
George Szell. After the collapse of the
German Empire in 1918, the Opera was renamed
Staatsoper Unter den Linden and the
Königliche Kapelle became
Kapelle der Staatsoper. In the 1920s,
Kurt Adler,
Wilhelm Furtwängler,
Erich Kleiber,
Otto Klemperer,
Alexander von Zemlinsky,
Bruno Walter occupied the conductor's post. In 1925,
Alban Berg's
Wozzeck, was given its premiere in a production conducted by
Erich Kleiber in the composer's presence. After having undergone an extensive renovation, the Linden Opera reopened on 28 April 1928 with a new production of Mozart's
Die Zauberflöte. The cast included
Delia Reinhardt,
Richard Tauber,
Friedrich Schorr and
Leo Schützendorf, conducted by Erich Kleiber. The same year, the famous Russian bass
Feodor Chaliapin and
Serge Diaghilev's
Ballets Russes with conductor
Ernest Ansermet were guest performers. In 1930 Erich Kleiber conducted the premiere of Darius Milhaud's
Christophe Colomb. However, in 1934, when symphonic pieces from Alban Berg's
Lulu were performed by Kleiber, the
National Socialists provoked a scandal and the conductor was forced into exile. After the
Machtergreifung by the
Nazis, members of Jewish origin were dismissed from the ensemble. Many German musicians associated with the opera went into exile, including the conductors
Kurt Adler,
Otto Klemperer and
Fritz Busch.
Clemens Krauss became a prominent German conductor first at the Berlin State Opera in 1933 and was then appointed as its director in 1935 due to Fritz Busch and Erich Kleiber resigning, respectively, their positions in protest over Nazi rule. In
Nazi Germany,
Robert Heger,
Herbert von Karajan (1939–1945) and
Johannes Schüler were the "
Staatskapellmeister". The opera house's interior was destroyed on the night of 9/10 April 1941, during an air raid by the RAF. Hitler ordered its immediate reconstruction, despite wartime shortages, to increase morale. It reopened on 12 December 1942 with a performance of
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, conducted by
Wilhelm Furtwängler, in celebration of the building's 200th anniversary. The opera house was ruined again in an air raid on 3 February 1945, when it was hit by three bombs that destroyed most of the structure, except the main facade on Unter den Linden.
Postwar years The second rebuilding took a long time. From 1945, the opera company performed at the
Admiralspalast. From 1949, the company served as the state opera of
East Germany. It moved back to its original home after the rebuilding in freely adapted baroque forms was finally completed in 1955. The newly rebuilt opera house was opened, again, with Wagner's
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. After the
Berlin Wall was built in 1961, the Opera was somewhat isolated, but still maintained a comprehensive repertoire that featured the classic and romantic period together with contemporary ballet and operas. After reunification, the Linden Opera rejoined the operatic world. Important works that had already performed in the past were rediscovered and discussed anew within the framework of a "Berlin Dramaturgy". Baroque Opera in particular was at the center of attention, with Graun's
Cleopatra e Cesare, Keiser's
Croesus,
Florian Leopold Gassmann's ''L'opera seria'' and Scarlatti's
Griselda. These works were performed by Belgian conductor
René Jacobs together with the
Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin and the
Freiburger Barockorchester on
period instruments. In the 1990s, the opera was officially renamed
Staatsoper Unter den Linden. In 1992, the
Argentine-Israeli conductor
Daniel Barenboim was appointed
Generalmusikdirektor (GMD). In 2000, the orchestra, according to its official website, elected Barenboim "conductor for life." During the 2002
Festtage, he led a Wagner cycle in ten parts, a production created in collaboration with director
Harry Kupfer. In 2009, the Berlin State Opera was closed for renovation work led by German architect
HG Merz. The roof of the opera building was raised and the
proscenium prolonged to improve the acoustics. The capacity is now 1,350. Other renovation and extension efforts included the director's building, the below-ground connection building and the depot building. The latter houses the new rehearsal center. The house was reopened in 2017 with premieres of Humperdinck's
Hänsel und Gretel and Monteverdi's ''
L'incoronazione di Poppea'' on one weekend. The opera house also hosts the
Staatskapelle Berlin orchestra. On 6 January 2023, the company announced the resignation of Barenboim as its GMD, for health reasons. In January 2023,
Christian Thielemann stepped in as an emergency substitute conductor for Barenboim in a new company production of Richard Wagner's
Der Ring des Nibelungen. In September 2023, the company announced the appointment of Thielemann as its next GMD, effective 1 September 2024. Berlin Opera UdL asv2018-05.jpg|Exterior of the State Opera at evening
blue hour, 2018 Zuschauerraum Staatsoper 20171003.jpg|Auditorium of the State Opera on the day of reopening on 3 October 2017, after seven years of refurbishment Berlin State Opera asv2021-11 img1.jpg|Auditorium, 2021 Staatsoper unter den Linden - Detail (Berlin).jpg|Auditorium, 2024 Berlin State Opera asv2021-11 img2.jpg|Apollo Hall, 2021 ==Leadership==