Berlin S-Bahn

The brand name S-Bahn chosen in 1930 mirrored U-Bahn, which had become the official brand name for the Berlin city-owned rapid transit lines begun under the name of ('Berlin elevated and underground lines'), where the word of mouth had abbreviated to , in parallel to formed from ('undersea boat' – submarine). Ironically, S-Bahn's S is not easy to name, it may stand for ('rapid rail') or ('urban rail'; not to be confused with the , a railway viaduct through central Berlin on which some Berlin S-Bahn lines run, or , the German term for light rail). Services on the Berlin S-Bahn have been provided by the Prussian or German national railway company of the respective time, which means the after the First World War, the state-owned East German (in both East and West Berlin) until 1993 (except West Berlin from 1984 to 1994, the BVG period) and after its incorporation in 1994. The Berlin S-Bahn consists today of 16 lines serving 166 stations, and runs over a total route length of . The S-Bahn carried 478.1 million passengers in 2018. It is integrated with the mostly underground U-Bahn to form the backbone of Berlin's rapid transport system. Unlike the U-Bahn, the S-Bahn crosses Berlin city limits into the surrounding state of Brandenburg, e.g. to Potsdam. Although the S- and U-Bahn are part of a unified fare system, they have different operators. The S-Bahn is operated by , a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, whereas the U-Bahn is run by Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG), the main public transit company for the city of Berlin. == Operation ==

Network The S-Bahn routes all feed into one of three core lines: a central, elevated east–west line (the ), a central, mostly underground north–south line (the ), and a circular line (the ). Outside the , suburban routes radiate in all directions. Lines S1, S2, S25, and S26 are north–south lines that use the north–south tunnel as their midsection. They were equally distributed into Oranienburg, Bernau, and Hennigsdorf in the north, and Teltow Stadt, Lichtenrade, and Wannsee. Lines S3, S5, S7, S9, and S75 are east–west lines using the cross-city railway. The western termini are located at Potsdam and Spandau, although the S5 only runs as far as Westkreuz and the S75 to . The eastern termini are Erkner, Strausberg Nord, Ahrensfelde, and Wartenberg. The S9 uses a connector curve () at to switch from the to the south-eastern leg of the . Another curve, the to the north-eastern , was originally served by the S86 line, but it was demolished in preparation of the rebuilding of station and was not rebuilt afterwards. Both connector curves were heavily used in the time of the Berlin Wall, as trains coming from the north-eastern routes couldn't use the West Berlin north–south route and the Southern leg of the pre- and post-Wall was in West Berlin. Lines S41 and S42 continuously circle around the , the former clockwise, the latter anti-clockwise. Lines S45, S46, and S47 link destinations in the southeast with the southern section of the via the tangential link from the to the via Köllnische Heide. Lines S8 and S85 are north–south lines using the eastern section of the between and Treptower Park via Ostkreuz, using the in the South. Formerly, there existed four curves at and allowing to go to a northern ring () and to a southern ring () using central tracks of . and are common terms, but never scheduled routes as separate rings. One curve of at left over for internal use, the other one is mentioned connector at . Routes Generally speaking, the first digit of a route number denotes the main route or a group of routes. Thus, S25 is a branch of S2, while S41, S42, S45, S46, and S47 are all routes that share some of the same route. So S41, S42, S45, S46, and S47 are together S4. However, the S4 does not exist as an independent entity. Since 9 January 1984, all the West Berlin S-Bahn routes are labelled with an "S" followed by a number. This system had been in use with other West German S-Bahn systems (such as Hamburg) for years. On 2 June 1991 this was extended to the East Berlin lines as well. Internally, the Berlin S-Bahn uses (literally groups of trains) which normally run every twenty minutes (S41/S42 are an exception to this as their run every 10 minutes). Some lines, e.g. the S85, are made up of only one , while others, like S5, are actually multiple combined. Some do not run the entire line and terminate at intermediate stops. are called by a (radio designator), which is derived from the German spelling alphabet. Some are not used in regular service, such as Heinrich, Baikal, Jaguar, Gustav, or Saale (being used for special soccer service trains, usually running for fans under the line S3 between and ). Stations in brackets are serviced at certain times only (Monday through Friday during offpeak in the case of and during peak in the case of and ). only runs Monday through Friday. Also, not every train reaches the nominal terminus of a line. For example, every other train on runs only to Frohnau, five stops before Oranienburg, and the last stop on towards Erkner which is reached by every train is Friedrichshagen. Similarly, some northbound trains terminate at Gesundbrunnen, and most trains run only to Strausberg or even Mahlsdorf, rendering Strausberg Nord the least served stop on the whole network. Route changes in 2009 On 31 August 2009 a few semi-permanent changes to the line routes were applied. Because of renovations to station, including dismantling the tracks connecting the and the – • (formerly ↔ Spandau) could not turn west at this station any more. The line thus followed the and then branches northwards past , like and , and terminated at Pankow. • To compensate for the diminished throughput on the , the (formerly Erkner ↔ ) was extended westwards to Spandau. Route changes in 2012 Because of the progress achieved in the renovation in 2012, the – • was shortened to operate only between and Erkner. • was extended to Spandau. • operated every 10 minutes between and . Route changes in 2017 On 21 August 2017, with the completion of the renovation, and on 10 December 2017, with the completion of the connection between the and at , the following changes were made: • was introduced, operating from to , to replace lost S85 service on 10 December 2017. • was extended from back to on 21 August 2017, and was further extended to Spandau on 10 December 2017, replacing the S5. • was shortened from Spandau to on 10 December 2017. • was shortened from back to on 5 October 2017, and was further truncated to Ostkreuz on 10 December 2017. • was diverted from to Pankow, replacing the S9 on 10 December 2017. • was diverted from Pankow to Spandau on 10 December 2017 replacing the previous S5 service. Service hours The S-Bahn generally operates between 4am and 1am Monday to Friday, between 5am and 1am on Saturdays and between 6:30am and 1am on Sundays during normal daytime service. However, there is a comprehensive night-time service on most lines between 1am and 5am on Saturdays and 01:00 and 06:30 on Sundays, which means that most stations enjoy a continuous service between Friday morning and Sunday evening. One exception to this is the section of the between and which sees no service in these hours. Most other lines operate without route changes, but some are curtailed or extended during nighttime. Particularly, the , , , , , , , are unchanged, and the and have no nighttime service. Westbound lines , , , and northbound terminate at stations , , , and Treptower Park, respectively. == History ==

electrification starting in the late 1920s. The rail is bottom-contact. Seen here at the level crossing at Lichtenrade station From the beginnings till the end of World War II With individual sections dating from the 1870s, the S-Bahn was formed in time as the network of suburban commuter railways running into Berlin, then interconnected by the circular railway connecting the various terminal railway stations, and in 1882 enhanced by the east–west cross-city line (called the , 'city railway'). The forming of a distinct identity for this network began with the establishment of a special tariff for the area which was then called the , and which differed from the normal railway tariff. While the regular railway tariff was based on multiplying the distance covered with a fixed price per kilometre, the special tariff for this Berlin tariff zone was based on a graduated tariff based on the number of stations touched during the travel. The core of this network, that is the cross-city () east–west line and the circular , and several suburban branches were converted from steam operation to a third-rail electric railway in the latter half of the 1920s. The Wannsee railway, the suburban line with the highest number of passengers, was electrified in 1932–33. A number of suburban trains remained steam-hauled, even after the Second World War. After building the east–west cross-city line connecting western suburban lines, which until then terminated at Charlottenburg station with eastern suburban lines which had terminated at (later ), the logical next step was a north–south cross-city line connecting the northern suburban lines terminating at with the southern suburban lines terminating at the subsidiary stations of the Berlin Potsdamer Bahnhof. The first ideas for this project emerged only 10 years after the completion of the east–west cross-city line, with several concrete proposals resulting from a 1909 competition held by the Berlin city administration. Another concrete proposal, already very close to the final realisation, was put forward in 1926 by Professor Jenicke of Breslau university. Many sections of the S-Bahn were closed during the war, both through enemy action and flooding of the tunnel on 2 May 1945 during the final Battle of Berlin. The exact number of casualties is not known, but up to 200 people are presumed to have perished, since the tunnel was used as a public shelter and also served to house military wounded in trains on underground sidings. Service through the tunnel commenced again in 1947. The time of expansion Before the construction of Berlin Wall After hostilities ceased in 1945, Berlin was given special status as a "Four-Sector City", surrounded by the Soviet Occupation Zone, which later became the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The Allies had decided that S-Bahn service in the western sectors of Berlin should continue to be provided by the (DR), which was by now the provider of railway services in East Germany. (Rail services in West Germany proper were provided by the new .) Before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the Berlin S-Bahn had grown to about . On the 13 August 1961, it was the biggest turning point in the operation and network for the S-Bahn. As relations between East and West began to sour with the coming of the Cold War, the S-Bahn had become the victim of the hostilities. Although services continued operating through all occupation sectors, checkpoints were constructed on the borders with East Berlin and on-board "customs checks" were carried out on trains. From 1958 onward, some S-Bahn trains ran non-stop through the western sectors from stations in East Berlin to stations on outlying sections in East Germany so as to avoid the need for such controls. East German government employees were then forbidden to use the S-Bahn since it travelled through West Berlin. After the construction of Berlin Wall The S-Bahn has also been operated in two separate subnets of the . In East Berlin, the S-Bahn retained a transport share of approximately 35 percent, the mode of transport with the highest passenger share. In the 1970s and 1980s the route network continued to grow. In particular, the new housing estates were connected to the grid in the northeast of the city ( and ). The construction of the Berlin Wall led to West Berlin calling for the unions and politicians to boycott the S-Bahn. Subsequently, passenger numbers fell. However, the Berlin S-Bahn strike brought the S-Bahn to the attention of the public, and aroused the desire for West Berlin to manage its section of the S-Bahn itself. In 1983 negotiations of representatives of the Senate, the SNB and the took place. In December 1983, these were concluded with Allied consent to the agreement between the and the Berlin Senate for the transfer of operating rights of the S-Bahn in the area of West Berlin. The BVG received the oldest carriages from the DR; but the BVG was eager to quickly get to modern standards for a subway. Therefore, soon new S-Bahn trains were purchased on their behalf, which are still in use on the Berlin S-Bahn network as the 480 series. Even before the Wall fell, there were efforts to substantial re-commissioning of the S-Bahn network in West Berlin. is an important transport hub in eastern Berlin. Reunification After the Berlin Wall came down in November 1989, the first broken links were re-established, with on 1 July 1990 as the first. The BVG and DR jointly marketed the services soon after the reunification. Administratively, the divided S-Bahn networks remained separate in this time of momentous changes, encompassing German reunification and reunification of Berlin into a single city, although the dividing line was no longer the former Berlin Wall. DR and BVG (of the whole of reunified Berlin from 1 January 1992, after absorbing BVB of East Berlin) operated individual lines end to end, both into the other party's territories. For example, S2 was all BVG even after it was extended northward and southward into Brandenburg/former East German territory. The main east–west route () was a joint operation. Individual trains were operated by either BVG or DR end-to-end on the same tracks. This arrangement ended on 1 January 1994, with the creation of due to the merger between DR and the former West Germany's . All S-Bahn operations in Berlin were transferred to the newly formed as a subsidiary of , and the BVG withdrew from running S-Bahn services. Technically, a number of projects followed in the steps of re-establishing broken links in order to restore the former S-Bahn network to its 1961 status after 1990, especially the . In December 1997 the connection between and Treptower Park via was reopened, enabling S4 trains to run 75% of the whole ring between and . On 16 June 2002, the section  – also reopened, re-establishing the Ringbahn operations. ==Tendering programme for the Berlin S-Bahn==

MTR Corporation, National Express, S-Bahn Berlin GmbH and RATP Development tendered for their procurement process, and were soon followed by train manufacturer Stadler Rail for their operations from 2018 to 2033. The specific contracts are: – • S41 Südkreuz – Südkreuz (clockwise Ring) • S42 Südkreuz – Südkreuz (anticlockwise Ring) • S46 Westend – Königs Wusterhausen • S47 Spindlersfeld – Hermannstraße – (Südkreuz) • S8 Birkenwerder – (Grünau) – Zeuthen – • S3 Erkner – Spandau • S5 Westkreuz – Strausberg-Nord • S7 Ahrensfelde – (Wannsee) – Potsdam HBF • S75 Wartenberg – Warschauer Straße • S9 Flughafen BER Airport – Spandau – • S1 Wannsee – Oranienburg • S2 Blankenfelde – Bernau • S25 Teltow Stadt – Hennigsdorf • S26 Teltow Stadt – Waidmannslust • S45 Flughafen BER Airport – Südkreuz • S85 Grünau – Pankow == Depots ==

There were several depots for Berlin S-Bahn. They are (opened in December 1927), (opened on 1 March 1903), Grünau (opened on 1 April 1910), Wannsee (opened on 15 May 1933), Erkner (opened in 1928) and (opened in 1925). At Grünau, construction began in 1916 and was completed in 1928. They serviced the following routes: • Grünau – Südring – Stadtbahn – Lichtenberg • Grünau – Stadtbahn – Spandau West • Grünau – Nordring – Gartenfeld (nur HVZ) The connection to Spandau West became in the following years the traditional train course, which was maintained after 1945 until the building of the wall. In the 1980s, this depot made 51 daily trains for the connections using Class 485 trains. • Zeuthen – Ostring – Bernau • Königs Wusterhausen – Stadtbahn – Friedrichstraße – Stadtbahn – Erkner – Stadtbahn – Friedrichstraße • Flughafen Berlin-Schönefeld – Stadtbahn – Friedrichstraße • Spindlersfeld – Ostring – Blankenburg Closed depots include: • Stettiner Bahnhof • Papestraße • Westend • Bernau • Hundekehle • Velten • Yorckstraße == Rolling stock ==

Current • BVG Class 480 (since 1986, in use on line S3) • DB Class 481/482 (since 1996, in use on lines S1, S2, S25, S26, S3, S41, S42, S45, S5, S7, S75, S85 and S9) • Class 483/484 (since 2021, in use on line S41, S42, S46, S47 and S8) File:S-Bahn Berlin Baureihe 480.jpg|Class 480 File:Berlin- Bahnhof Westkreuz- Richtung Nord- S-Bahn Berlin DBAG-Baureihe 481 10.8.2009.jpg|Class 481 File:180923-Innotrans-BR 484.JPG|Class 483 Former • DRG Class ET 125 (from 1935 until 2003) • DRG Class ET 165 (from 1928 until 1997) • DRG Class ET 166 (from 1936 until 2000) • DRG Class ET 167 (from 1938 until 2003) • DRG Class ET 168 (from 1926 until about 1962, some units converted to train type EIII for the Berlin U-Bahn) • DRG Class ET 169 (from 1925 until 1962) • DR Class ET 170 (from 1959 until 1970) • DR Class 485/885 (from 1987 until 2023) File:ET 165 01.jpg|DR Class ET 165 File:Clp 20070602 ET 167 072 Twh Erkner.jpg|DR Class ET 167 File:ET170bln.jpg|DR Class ET 170 S-Bahn Berlin Baureihe 485.jpg|Class 485 Special Trains This vehicle, DB Class 488.0 (Panorama train) is a unique piece. The train consists of two railcars and a sidecar in between. It was created by conversion from old cars of the ET / EB 167, the later series 477/877. While the car body is largely a new build, many technical components of end-of-life vehicles were taken over in 1997–99. This train is not used in normal regular service. The S-Bahn offered city tours with it until 2009, and it could be rented privately. The train is equipped with a modern multimedia system so that the announcements via headphones can be followed in multiple languages. As with this car the windows extend into the roof for a better field of vision, it is called a panorama train (previously known as a panoramic suburban train). Otherwise museum and tradition trains were primarily used – Class 165. The Viertel train Class ET/EB 167s were being built in 1938 and was converted in 1991. == Expansion ==

Redevelopment projects Ostkreuz In 1988, presented plans for the transformation of station. The long postponed renovation of the station began in 2007. With nine lines (four on the and five on the ), is one of the busiest stations on the network. With the progress of construction work on 31 August 2009, the southern connection and platform A were decommissioned. This route had to be realigned as a result. The construction plans envisaged that the connection would be restored by 2014. After its completion, traffic will again be able to be run from the southern onto the . In October 2009, the new station on the was sufficiently complete for S-Bahn trains on the to use it temporarily. Demolition of the platform could then start and the new platform, including a concourse, could be built. This was put into operation on 16 April 2012, after a 16-day track closure. In December 2018 all the S-Bahn tracks at finished construction and were opened for regular passenger use. Berlin–Görlitz railway (–) , November 2009 Rehabilitation work at Grünauer Kreuz on the Berlin–Görlitz railway began on 12 July 2006. In 2010 and 2011, rebuilt stations were put into operation in several stages at and Adlershof and the bridges over the Britz Canal and the Teltow Canal were replaced. During the reconstruction, the platform at Adlershof was relocated directly above (street). Other major construction projects are planned along the route: • Rebuilding of Schöneweide station, including the construction of a new road underpass • Replacement of bridges over Sterndamm (street) • Construction of additional electronic interlocking equipment along the route • Conversion of Wildau station • Renewal of the mainline tracks and the re-establishment of the overhead contact line system New lines Berlin-Schönefeld Airport-Berlin Brandenburg Airport extension at the point of opening In preparation for the opening of Berlin-Brandenburg Airport in Schönefeld in the south of Berlin, S-Bahn lines S45 and S9 were set to be extended from the then terminus at Berlin-Schoenefeld Airport in a long curve to the new terminal. Directly below the terminal, Berlin Brandenburg, a station has been built with six platform tracks. Four through platform tracks are provided for long-distance services. Two tracks are operated by S-Bahn services on the approach from the west. In early July 2008, the first 185-metre-long section of the station was completed so that the terminal could be built. On 24 July 2009, the airport company transferred the completed shell of the airport railway station and the first part of the tunnel to DB. The new line includes the stations of and and has a length of approximately 7.8 kilometres. The construction cost was specified as €636 million. This amount also included the cost of construction of long-distance tracks. Planning of line S21 (Second : first stage) The second will link the northern ring to the , Potsdamer Platz station and the Wannsee Railway to the southern ring. Today's plans are almost identical to plans submitted to the 1907–1910 Greater Berlin competition by Albert Sprickerhof. Since then, there have been a number of alternatives proposals for such a route. A similar line was included in the plans for ('World Capital Germania') in the 1930s. The line will be built in sections. In 2005, the zoning approval for the northern part of the route from the to was adopted. In October 2009 a loan agreement was entered into between the Senate and for the first section. This provided for total costs of €226.5 million. On 27 November 2009, the preparatory work for this phase of construction started at the Hauptbahnhof. For the underground excavation in , diaphragm walls were built into the ground and the trench in between was covered with a reinforced concrete lid. This stage involves the construction of a curve to the and an eastern connection to inside the northern . Structural preparation for these junctions to these lines had already been made during the construction of the North–South mainline in 2006. From there, the existing line will run in a southerly direction (in the tunnel layer) to the east of the North–South mainline. The realization of an intermediate station under the working name of (as a two-level station in a V-shape) is provided as an option. It was proposed to complete this 1,600-meter-long section by 2016. After construction delays caused by the inflow of groundwater, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the global supply chain crisis, the opening is planned for 2024 at the earliest. Planning of line S21 (Second : second stage) The construction of the second section of the S21 is to begin no earlier than 2018 and is expected to be completed in 2023. The new S-Bahn line will run in a tunnel from near the past the Reichstag to Potsdamer Platz. It will run next to the existing to Brandenburg Gate and separate from it to run to Potsdamer Platz. The first north–south S-Bahn tunnel was designed in 1939 with room for an additional two tracks at Potsdamer Platz and to its south for the new line. The cost of the S-Bahn line (phases 1 and 2) has been estimated at €317 million (2009 prices). Proposals for further extensions Since reunification, there have been suggestions that lines that have not been used since 1961 or 1980 should be rebuilt and connected to the network by some new lines. Many of these plans have changed several times since then or have been abandoned. Following a decision of the Berlin House of Representatives, the goal is essentially to restore the S-Bahn network to its extent in 1961. This was stated in an agreement between , the Federal Ministry of Transport and the Senate on 4 November 1993. The network was to be restored by 2002. On this basis, the plans were included in the land use plan of 1995. In a study of the transport development by the then Department for Transport and Commerce in 1995, a plan was published for a network. Only the , and sections, which had existed until 1980, were not incorporated in these plans. This political commitment is now only symbolic as some projects are now aimed at points beyond the original destinations or to miss them entirely. Budgetary difficulties, changing traffic flows and alternative development projects using trains have led to the cancellation or postponement of projects that had already been developed. New stations ==Accidents==

Since the foundation of the Berlin S-Bahn, a number of accidents have occurred. • On 15 December 1945, there was a head-on collision between a S-Bahn and a Nahgüterzug (local freight train) on the single-track Schöneweide–Spindlersfeld branch line. There were four dead and one seriously injured. The accident was caused by human error on the part of the dispatcher, who forgot the local freight train coming from Spindlersfeld and due to missing automatic block signaling and allowed a S-Bahn journey to Spindlersfeld. • On 15 August 1948, a train arriving from Oranienburger Straße in the north-south S-Bahn tunnel collided with a stopped train in the curve of the Spree underpass. 63 people were injured. The reason given was that the railcar personnel did not exercise the required care for "line of sight" operation, by driving at about in a blind curve. Both were initially dismissed without notice, but were acquitted by a court and remained on duty. • In the late afternoon of 18 December 1979, an S-Bahn train operating on the northern Berlin outer ring between Mühlenbeck and the Karow Cross collided with a just approaching freight train. The driver was killed in the accident, 20 passengers were injured, five of them seriously. • In 1987, there were several derailments of BVG S-Bahn trains in the Berlin Nord-Süd Tunnel. After a train had been derailed before and behind the platform Friedrichstraße with the first bogie, there was a major incident in March 1987, when a northbound train derailed in the narrow left turn of the Spree underpass. The BVG railcar 275 227 slid along the tunnel wall for about 50 meters, severely damaging the cable and the car itself. No one was injured. • On 20 October 1987, another train derailed with the penultimate bogie of the train in the tight right turn in front of the Berlin Brandenburger Tor station (then known as "Unter den Linden"). The last derailed car (275 319) fell out of profile and crashed into the platform, breaking a three-meter-long piece out of the edge and tearing a signal off the wall. On 2 November 1987, exactly at the same place, there was again a derailment of the last car (275 435). This also got out of profile and again rammed the platform edge. Both accidents caused considerable damage, but no personal injury. As a cause for the total of six derailments was found: • While the BVG began to profile its wheel profiles according to the current UIC standard, the track layouts of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) in the north-south S-Bahn tunnel did not meet the current requirements, which apparently led to compatibility problems (rail inclination DR 1:20, UIC 1:40). • After the transfer of the West Berlin S-Bahn to the BVG, the DR had completely removed the previously existing guard rails from the tight curves. • The Deutsche Reichsbahn had dismantled all curve lubrication devices on the track arches, which had greatly increased the tendency to climb the wheel arches. In connection with the other two points it had to come to the derailments. As a consequence, the DR rebuilt the lubricators and imposed a speed reduction from . The BVG marked all the quarter-trains that already carried the new UIC profile with a yellow line under the company number. These cars were excluded from driving through the tunnel. • On 21 October 2001, at Ostkreuz and on 13 May 2002, at Hackescher Markt, rear-end collisions occurred which gave rise to the introduction of speed monitoring. At Ostkreuz, two trains of the class 485 collided late on Sunday evening, when the approaching train could not be stopped in time for emergency braking. The driver claimed to have initiated the required speed reduction before the stop signal, however, no evidence could be found to confirm this claim. Instead, the court presumed the driver was inattentive shortly before the end of the shift, and ignored the previous signal. Twelve people were injured and there were 190,000 euros in property damage. Also at Hackescher Markt station, experts were unable to identify any problems with the brake system of the 481 model series involved, which could explain the excessive speed at the entrance to the occupied track of the platform. Here 13 people were injured, again mainly by broken discs. In both cases, a fine was imposed on train drivers who both no longer drive trains. • On 10 August 2004, a class 480 suburban railway car caught fire in the underground Anhalter station. The cause was a cabling fault in the brake resistor fan. The station suffered severe damage, had to be closed and rehabilitated for several months, but there were no casualties. The costs for the renovation were given as a total of 5.5 million euros. As a result of this accident, it was decided to outfit all underground stations with at least two exits, analogous to the Berlin subway. In practice, this concerns only the stations Oranienburger Straße and Anhalter Bahnhof, the latter received another southern exit in the direction of Tempodrom. • On 20 November 2006, at 10:25 am, an S-Bahn train on the S25 line in the direction of Hennigsdorf in Südkreuz station hit an occupied track and collided with a work train. The impact threw passengers through the car, injuring 33 of the approximately 100 passengers, two of them seriously. The work train, a track gauge, had travelled the track before and covered the rails with a film of water. As a result of this film, the following class 481 S-Bahn train slid out of the area during braking in the station area and landed on the work train. As a consequence of this accident was ordered that the vehicles of the Berlin S-Bahn enter stations more slowly. As a result of the accident, the maximum speed allowed on all 481 Series trains in February 2008 was reduced to . Only after the modification of the anti-slip system are higher speeds to be driven again. • On 1 May 2009, an S-Bahn train of the class 481 in Kaulsdorf derailed due to a broken wheel. According to S-Bahners, the scheduled main investigation of the derailed train had been postponed for two years. As a consequence, this accident led to the subsequent chaos in 2009, since the test intervals were shortened and therefore at times only 165 out of 552 required quarter trains were available. Eventually, all axes had to be replaced because they were generally considered to be inadequate. • On 21 August 2012, an S-Bahn line S25 moving towards Hennigsdorf derailed when crossing a turnout in the northern exit of Tegel station. Five passengers were injured, the driver suffered shock and also had to be cared for medically. ==Network map==