Biological response modifier

Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are substances that modify immune responses. They can be endogenous or exogenous, and they can either enhance an immune response or suppress it. Some of these substances arouse the body's response to an infection, and others can keep the response from becoming excessive. Thus they serve as immunomodulators in immunotherapy, which can be helpful in treating cancer and in treating autoimmune diseases, such as some kinds of arthritis and dermatitis. Most BRMs are biopharmaceuticals (biologics), including monoclonal antibodies, interleukin 2, interferons, and various types of colony-stimulating factors. "Immunotherapy makes use of BRMs to enhance the activity of the immune system to increase the body's natural defense mechanisms against cancer", whereas BRMs for rheumatoid arthritis aim to reduce inflammation.

Medical uses

Biologics provide immunotherapy and can function as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Biologics can generally be grouped by their "class", that is, their specific mechanism of action and affected targets. Some classes are TNF inhibitors, anti-IL-17A antibodies, and IL-23 antibodies. For people with moderate to severe psoriatic arthritis, biologics can provide some relief of the symptoms, and even slow down or halt the progression of the disease. Classes of biologics typically used for psoriatic arthritis include TNF inhibitors, anti-IL17-A antibodies, IL-23 antibodies, and those that act on both IL-12 and IL-23. Biologics can treat inflammatory bowel disease. Classes of biologics typically used for inflammatory bowel disease include TNF inhibitors, and anti-CD28 antibodies. ==Contraindications==

Contraindications

Biologics are generally used after considering other less invasive treatments. Before using biologics to treat psoriasis, treatment with topical moisturizers or steroids, or light therapy may provide relief. Other drugs which may provide relief include acitretin, ciclosporin, and methotrexate, but since these drugs have their own major side effects, doctors and patients should discuss whether to try one of these or a biologic first. Most biologics are injections so are not appropriate for use by someone with intense fear of needles. A person with any infection should not use biologics. Other contraindications for biologics include cancer, certain neurologic disorders, being pregnant or breastfeeding, history of heart failure, or history of tuberculosis. ==Adverse effects==

Adverse effects

Common adverse effects of biologic administration are injection site reactions including redness, pain, and itching. Other adverse effects include headache, skin reactions, respiratory tract infection, and urinary tract infection. Adverse effects may be class-dependent, and so switching to a biologic of another class may ameliorate those effects. ==Examples==

Examples

Biopharmaceuticals Biologics for immunosuppression include adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, ixekizumab, belimumab, and ustekinumab. ==Manufacturing== Synthesis" --> Genetically engineered cell cultures in pharmaceutical labs produce the biologics. ==History==

History

Biologics are the second generation of biopharmaceutical products. ==Society and culture==

Society and culture

Term The term "biologic therapy" is nonspecific, and can refer to any biopharmaceutical medication. However, many sources use the term to refer to immunotherapy treatments. Legal status Biosimilar is a term used to describe a biopharmaceutical product which seems so close in composition and effect to another that they are functionally identical, analogous to generic drugs. In this context, some publications describe "biologics" as "biosimilars". Economics Biologic drugs are expensive. ==References==

Source: Wikipedia ↗

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