, now in the
British Museum Antiquity The first settlements by isolated tribes can be dated to around the year 2000 BC. Around 15 BC the
Roman castrum or camp
Vetera was created on the Fürstenberg near modern-day Birten. It was intended as a base for campaigns into
Germania and until its destruction during the
Revolt of the Batavi in 70 AD it was occupied by 8,000 to 10,000 legionaries, and was the main base of the
Classis germanica. After the destruction of
Vetera a second camp was established at the Bislicher Insel, named
Castra Vetera II, which became the base camp of
Legio VI Victrix. A nearby created settlement, which was inhabited by 10,000 to 15,000 former legionaries and others, was given the rights of a
colonia in 110 AD by the Roman emperor Marcus Ulpius
Traianus, who renamed the town
Colonia Ulpia Traiana. The colonia was a completely new town with a town wall and other buildings like an amphitheatre. For this town the old settlement was completely destroyed. The colonia became the second most important commercial post in the province of
Germania Inferior, surpassed only by
Colonia Agrippinensis (today's
Cologne). In 122,
Vetera II became the camp of
Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix, replacing VI Victrix which had moved to
Britannia. In 275, the colonia was almost destroyed by Germanic tribes. Subsequently, in 310 in the area of the colonia a new town was established, named
Tricensimae ("of the Thirtieth"), which was built on the nine central
insula of the former colonia but fortified and more easily defended. At the beginning of the 5th century, assaults by Germanic tribes rapidly increased, with the result that
Tricensimae was finally given up. Around 300,
Viktor of Xanten is named among the
Theban Legion executed for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods. Venerated as a
martyr and a
saint by the
Catholic as well as the
Eastern Orthodox Church, Viktor of Xanten is commemorated in
Xanten Cathedral, where his
relics are kept in a shrine embedded in the high altar.
Middle Ages In the 5th century the
Franks began to settle in the area of today's Xanten, but no urban settlements have been found from this time as the Franks did not build in stone, unlike the Romans. Only graves from this time have been discovered. According to the legend of the
Nibelungs, the mythical
Siegfried of Xanten was born
ze Santen an dem Rhîne. In the second half of the 8th century a church was built on the grounds of an old cemetery of the ancient Roman colony and called
Sanctos (super Rhenum) (also mentioned as
ad Sanctum). The name of "place of saints" was derived from the assumed grave of the martyr
Viktor of Xanten and is the source of today's municipal name of
Xanten. After the establishment of a convent to the south, what became today's town centre grew into existence. In 939 troops under
Otto I,
King of Germany defeated rebellious Franconian, Saxon and Lotharingian troops under
Eberhard of Franconia in the
Battle of Birten near Xanten. Following the
Battle of Andernach the same year the Rhineland was reaffirmed to the kingdom of Otto I. While Xanten, with its rich
Viktor Convent, was still being besieged by
Norsemen in 863, in 1122 the place already appears as part of a trading network at the Lower Rhine. On 15 July 1228, Xanten was given town rights by the
Archbishop of Cologne,
Heinrich of Molenark. Xanten had a Jewish community in early medieval times. Two massacres of Jews occurred during the
First Crusade, on (1 and 27 June 1096). On the latter occasion some Jews committed suicide in order to escape the fury of the Crusaders. In 1263 the foundation stone for the Gothic
St. Victor cathedral was laid. After 281 years of construction it was finally completed in 1544. By the end of the 14th century, Xanten was surrounded by a town wall. In 1392 the northern part of the town came into the possession of the
Dukes of Cleves, while the southern part remained with the Archbishopric of Cologne. The division of Xanten was a cause of a conflict between Cleves and Cologne, which ended when the whole of Xanten was awarded to the Duchy of Cleves in 1444.
Early Modern period After being taken by the Dukes of Cleves, in the wake of war and crop failure, the number of inhabitants slumped from 5,000 at the beginning of the 16th century to approximately 2,500 by the end of the 18th century. The Rhine had been a basis of Xanten's status as a trading town until the river bed shifted away from the town, causing its economic situation to deteriorate. The river even flooded and destroyed the locality of Birten several times. The borough Marienbaum, however, became the main place of pilgrimage on the Lower Rhine between 1430 and 1441. In 1460 a monastery of the
Bridgettines was established, with an abbey church called
St. Mariä Himmelfahrt (
Assumption of Mary) which nowadays serves as a parish church. In the 17th century Xanten was (along with Cleves) inherited by the
Margraviate of Brandenburg.
Protestantism was placed on an equal footing with the
Roman Catholic Church, as confirmed by the
Treaty of Xanten on 12 November 1614. Thereupon a church was built at the
Großer Markt (Great Marketplace), which was expanded with a spire in 1622. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 20th century only 5% of the population were of Protestant denomination. By the beginning of the 21st century, the Protestant share of the population had increased to some 20%.
19th and early 20th century In 1802, the Viktor-convent was secularized by
Napoléon Bonaparte, and the libraries of closed monasteries and the convent library were merged. After that, the economic situation deteriorated more rapidly. A town gate called the
Marstor was torn down in 1821, and the
Scharntor and parts of the town walls were removed in 1825. The removal of the
Klever Tor and a mill called
Kriemhildmühle was prevented by a town councillor in 1843. At the same time, the ruins of the
Colonia Ulpia Traiana, which had been used as a quarry since the Roman settlement was given up, aroused the interest of archaeologists. Xanten was administered within the
Prussian
Rhine Province from 1822 to 1945. Between 1819 and 1844, excavations were carried out at the Roman ruins. In September 1927, the Catholic Church municipality celebrated its 1,600th anniversary; in 1937
Pope Pius XI granted the right for the cathedral of
St. Viktor to be called a
basilica minor. In the later part of the 19th century, there was a high-profile case of alleged ritual murder, also known as
blood libel. On 29 June 1891, Johann Hegemann, the five-year-old son of a local cabinet maker, was found dead in a neighbour's barn, with his throat cut from ear to ear.
Anti-Semitic agitation connected the Jewish butcher and former
shoḥeṭ Adolf Buschoff with this crime, and the local priest, Father Bresser, lent support to this rumour by publishing articles on ritual murder in the paper
Bote für Stadt und Land, which he edited. The agitation in the anti-Semitic press, as well as at anti-semitic meetings, where it was insinuated that the Jews had bribed or intimidated the authorities in order to prevent the discovery of the truth, compelled the government to arrest Buschoff and his family (14 October 1891). The evidence against the man, who had always borne a good reputation, was so flimsy, however, that he was discharged (20 December). This action aroused the anti-Semites to still stronger agitation, which culminated in a heated debate in the Prussian Diet. In the course of this argument, Stoecker, the ex-court chaplain, repeated the accusation of ritual murder, and hinted at Jewish influence as the cause of the failure to find the murderer (7 February 1892). Under pressure from this agitation, Buschoff was rearrested (8 February), and tried before a jury at Cleves (4–14 July 1892). During this trial, it was found that the accusations were based on mere hearsay, and contained impossible assertions. The prosecuting attorney himself moved for the dismissal of the charge, and the jury rendered its verdict accordingly. The real murderer was never discovered, and the possibility that the death of the child was due to an accident was not entirely disproved. The agitation had the effect of reducing the Jewish population of the town, and Buschoff himself had to leave. In 1905, Xanten had about thirty Jews out of a total population of 3,770.
Nazi Germany In 1933, mayor Heinrich Wagner was locked up in a tower called the
Meerturm, accused of alleged nepotism in the loan business. His successor was Friedrich Karl Schöneborn, while the post of deputy mayor was given to Heinrich Prang junior. Prang had already created a local group of the
NSDAP in 1925. As the local council of the
Deutsche Zentrumspartei was dissolved, three of formerly eight town council members were group members of the NSDAP. The remaining opposition consisted of
communists and liberal politicians lacking a clear political mandate. The following years saw harassment of the Jewish population of Xanten. This included the destruction of the local prayer room and the devastation of several dwellings of Jewish inhabitants on
Reichskristallnacht of 9 November 1938. After these events, the entire Jewish population fled Xanten. In May 1940, the German 256th infantry division was transferred to Xanten to take part in the forthcoming
invasion of the Netherlands. During the
Second World War an ammunition factory of the
Luftwaffe was established in a small forest close to the town, called
Die Hees. While citizens of Xanten worked there at the beginning of the war, women and children, and especially foreigners were forced to perform hard labour at the plant as the war progressed. Incidents in the area of the factory occurred in November 1942 and October 1944, causing the explosion of a portion of the stored ammunition, which cost several workers' lives. When Allied troops reached Xanten in February 1945, mayor Schöneborn left the town. With him fled almost the entire town administration to areas to the east. In the same month the bombardment of the town had begun, killing civilians and destroying parts of Xanten. In addition, the cathedral was hit by
Allied bombs and damaged heavily. On 8 March, Xanten was finally taken by Canadian troops. The Canadian military lost, according to their own data, 400 soldiers in the fight against the defending
Fallschirmjäger (paratroops) under the command of
Eugen Meindl. Thereupon the town, 85% of which had already been destroyed, was occupied by British troops while the population was evacuated to
Bedburg-Hau in preparation for the crossing of the Rhine near the town of Wesel. Artillery projectiles fired by German soldiers from the right bank of the Rhine further devastated Xanten at this time. When the crossing of the Rhine finally succeeded on 24 March, the Second World War was over for Xanten.
Post-World War II The reconstruction of the town and the cathedral was influenced particularly by the archaeologist and monument conservationist Walter Bader, and lasted until 1966.
Expellees from
East Prussia were resettled in Xanten and caused the population to rise by almost 40%. In the course of the local re-organization in 1969, the localities
Birten,
Lüttingen,
Marienbaum,
Obermörmter,
Vynen and
Wardt were integrated into Xanten, so that around 16,000 inhabitants lived within the town boundaries. The area of the town increased from 8 km2 to 72 km2. In 1975, the
Archäologischer Park Xanten (Xanten Archaeological Park), a partial reconstruction of the
Roman Colonia Ulpia Traiana, was established and opened for tourism. On 28 November 1988, Xanten was granted the title of a
Staatlich anerkannter Erholungsort (state-recognized leisure town) as the first such town in the
region of Düsseldorf. Between 1990 and 2004, the number of inhabitants rose from 16,930 to about 22,000. ==Attractions==