The
axial skeleton, comprising the spine, chest and head, contains 80 bones. The
appendicular skeleton, comprising the upper and lower limbs and including the pelvic and shoulder girdles, contains 126 bones, bringing the total for the entire skeleton to 206 bones.
Head There are 22 bones in the
skull. Including the bones of the middle ear and the hyoid bone, there are 29 bones in total. •
Cranial bones (8) •
Occipital bone (1) •
Parietal bones (2) •
Frontal bone (1) •
Temporal bones (2) •
Sphenoid bone (1) (sometimes counted as facial) •
Ethmoid bone (1) (sometimes counted as facial) •
Facial bones (14) •
Nasal bones (2) •
Maxilla (2) •
Lacrimal bones (2) •
Zygomatic bones (2) •
Palatine bones (2) •
Inferior nasal concha bones (2) •
Vomer (1) •
Mandible (1) •
Middle ear bones (6) •
Malleus (2) •
Incus (2) •
Stapes (2) •
Hyoid bone (1)
Chest (thorax) There are 25 bones in the
rib cage. The sternum is composed of three parts (which are fused and not counted separately). •
Sternum (1) •
Manubrium •
Gladiolus •
Xiphoid process •
Ribs - 12 pairs (24) •
Cervical ribs are extra or
supernumerary ribs that can occur pathologically in some people.
Spine (vertebral column) An adult
spine is composed of 24
vertebrae, the sacrum (formed of five fused vertebrae) and the coccyx ("tailbone", formed of 3-5 fused vertebrae), 26 bones in total. •
Cervical vertebrae (7) •
Atlas or C1 (1) •
Axis or C2 (1) •
Thoracic vertebrae (12) •
Lumbar vertebrae (5) •
Sacrum (1) •
Coccyx (1)
Pelvis The
pelvis consists of, laterally and anteriorly, the pelvic girdle and, posteriorly, the pelvic spine. The pelvic spine, consisting of the sacrum and coccyx, is therefore already accounted for (see above). The pelvic girdle is composed of two appendicular hip bones, each formed of three sections (these are fused and not counted separately). •
Hip bone (2) •
Ilium •
Ischium •
Pubis Shoulder The shoulder joint is the articulation of the upper limb with the shoulder girdle. Each shoulder girdle is formed from two bones, the clavicle anteriorly, and the scapula posteriorly. •
Shoulder girdle (4) •
Clavicle (2) •
Scapula (2)
Upper limb (arm and forearm), and hand Each upper limb comprises 30 bones: 3 long bones of the arm and forearm, and 27 bones of the hand. There are 60 bones in total in the upper limbs. •
Humerus (2) •
Ulna (2) •
Radius (2) •
Hand (27 bones in each, 54 in total) •
Carpals (8 per wrist, 16 in total) •
Scaphoid (2) •
Lunate (2) •
Triquetrum (2) •
Pisiform bone (2) •
Trapezium (2) •
Trapezoid bone (2) •
Capitate bone (2) •
Hamate bone (2) •
Metacarpals (5 per hand, 10 in total) •
First metacarpal bone (2) •
Second metacarpal bone (2) •
Third metacarpal bone (2) •
Fourth metacarpal bone (2) •
Fifth metacarpal bone (2) •
Phalanges of the hand (14 per hand, 28 in total) •
Proximal phalanges (5 per hand, 10 in total) •
Intermediate phalanges (4 per hand, 8 in total) •
Distal phalanges (5 per hand, 10 in total)
Lower limb (thigh and leg) and foot Each lower limb comprises 30 bones: There are a total of 4 bones in the thigh, knee and leg, and 26 in the foot. There are 60 bones in total in the lower limbs. •
Femur (2) •
Patella or kneecap (2) •
Tibia (2) •
Fibula (2) •
Foot (26 bones per foot, 52 bones in total) •
Tarsus (7 per foot, 14 in total) •
Calcaneus or heel bone (2) •
Talus (2) •
Navicular bone (2) •
Medial cuneiform bone (2) •
Intermediate cuneiform bone (2) •
Lateral cuneiform bone (2) •
Cuboid bone (2) •
Metatarsals (5 per foot, 10 in total) •
First metatarsal bone (2) •
Second metatarsal bone (2) •
Third metatarsal bone (2) •
Fourth metatarsal bone (2) •
Fifth metatarsal bone (2) •
Phalanges of the foot (14 per foot, 28 in total) •
Proximal phalanges (5 per foot, 10 in total) •
Intermediate phalanges (4 per foot, 8 in total) •
Distal phalanges (5 per foot, 10 in total) == See also ==