Bogor

Precolonial period (dated 1533), commemorate the great King of Sunda Sri Baduga Maharaja (rule 1482–1521) The first mention of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when the area was part of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest states in Indonesian history. The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area. passing Buitenzorg in the 19th century On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake. Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption. The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European, Chinese and Arab migrants within the city. In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867, the Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia. In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor. This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of the new Buitenzorg Residency and center of West Java Province. 1942–1950 During World War II, Buitenzorg and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945. As part of the efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor. The city had one of the major training centres of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland"). , president of the Pasundan State with his secretary in Bogor (1948) On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,() which was renamed Pasundan in April 1948 (). This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation. In December 1949, Pasundan joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (, RIS) established at the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August2 November 1949. In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950, and its name was officially declared as Bogor. Independence period As part of independent modern Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific, and economic development of the country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during the colonial period. Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia. ==Geography==

The city is situated in the western part of Java island, about 53 km south of the metropolis of Jakarta and 85 km northwest of the city of Bandung, the administrative center of West Java Province. Bogor spreads over a basin near the volcanoes of Salak (which peaks at about 12 km south) and Mount Gede (whose top is 22–25 km south-east of the city). The average elevation is 265 meters, maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level. The terrain is rather uneven: 17.64 km2 of its area has slopes of 0–2°, 80.9 km2 from 2° to 15°, 11 km2 between 15° and 25°, 7.65 km2 from 25° to 40° and 1.20 km2 over 40°; the northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more hilly. The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks. Given the proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic. The total area of green space is 205,000 m2, of which 87,000 m2 are Bogor Botanical Gardens, 19,400 m2 are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m2 by 24 groves and 81,400 m2 are covered with grass. Several rivers flow through the city toward the Java Sea. The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places. It is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included in national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), each with an area of several hectares. Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of the city area. Climate Bogor has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification, and more humid and rainy than in many other areas of West Java – the average relative humidity is 70%, the average annual precipitation is about 1700 mm, but more than 3500 mm in some areas. Most rain falls between December and February. Because of this weather, Bogor has the nickname "Rain City" (). The temperatures are lower than in coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9 °C (cf. 32.2 °C in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10 °C) are rather high for Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at 38 °C and the minimum at 3 °C. ==Demographics==

The New American Cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population as being 320,756, including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23 Arabs. According to the national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066 people were registered in Bogor. The majority of population (93%) are Muslims with about 6% Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the city, as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community) and Hindu communities. Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with Islamic fundamentalists over the building permit for their new church. Language The main language used in city of Bogor is Bogor Sundanese dialect and its use covers the entire area of city of Bogor. In the northern part, precisely in several sub-districts (kelurahan) within the Tanahsareal district, Sundanese and Betawi are used simultaneously and are considered a language shift area. ==Administrative districts==

Bogor City is surrounded by the Bogor Regency (kabupaten) but in itself is a separate municipality (kota), The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and their post codes. Administration The city is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the citizens every five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was appointed by the provincial administration. The Coat of arms of Bogor is a rectangular heraldic shield with a pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the National emblem of Indonesia – the mythical bird Garuda, in the upper right is the presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in the lower right is the national Sundanese dagger kujang. The inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR", which translates to "THE CITY OF BOGOR". ==Economy==

Bogor has developed automotive, chemical, and food industries; In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at the 114 largest companies. The garden's 87-hectare area within the city was supplemented in 1866 by a 120-hectare park in suburban town of Cibodas. Bogor launched a bus service that can go around the city of Bogor called which starts their tour at Bogor Botanical Gardens. The bus route will start from Alun-alun Botani and end at the same place. This service was inaugurated by Bogor Mayor Bima Arya on 1 January 2017. This bus is called UNCAL, which means "Unforgettable City Tour in a Fun City". ==Transport==

Bogor is a major transport center of Java. It contains 599.2 kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area; 30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8 km of prefectural importance. ==Healthcare==

The first hospitals were established in Bogor in the first half of the 19th century by the Dutch authorities. By the early 20th century, there were several civilian hospitals, a military hospital, • Salak () – general, owned by the Indonesian Army • Atang Sanjaya () – general, owned by the Indonesian Air Force, located in airbase area • Bogor Medical Centre – general practitioners, private • Islamic Hospital () – general • Azra () – general • Melania () – women and children • Hermina () – women and children • Marzuki Mahdi () – infectious diseases and psychiatric hospital • Mulia ()- general • Vania ()- general, founded on 1 November 2014 • BMC ()- general • EMC Sentul City()- general • UMMI (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit UMMI) – general • Nuraida (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Nuraida) – women and children • Bina Husada (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Bina Husada Cibinong) – general • Bogor Senior Hospital – general • Graha Merdika (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Graha Merdika Bogor) – general • Bunda Suryatni (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Bunda Suryatni) – women and children • Ibu dan Anak (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak) – women and children • Juliana (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Juliana) – general • RSKIA Sawojajar – women and children • Medika (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Umum Medika Dramaga) – general ==Culture==

'' is a Sundanese tradition that expresses gratitude to God for an abundant rice harvest Bogor is renowned for its rich Sundanese history (like Pakuan Pajajaran) and cultural heritage. A diverse range of arts, music, cuisine, and local traditions remain vibrant and vibrant there. The majority of Bogor's residents are ethnically Sundanese, so they use a distinctive Bogor Sundanese dialect in their daily lives. For example, authentic Bogor Sundanese does not use the undak-usuk (level of formality) system of speech levels found in other Priangan regions. Bogor traditional arts include unique dances and music. Typical dances such as Parebut seeng, is a martial arts performed by Sundanese men to show their intention to propose to someone and Angklung Gubrag, a traditional bamboo musical instrument that's still preserved and often played in agricultural rituals, particularly rice harvest ceremonies to honor Dewi Sri. Culinary to Suryakencana street The typical cuisine of Bogor is soto mie bogor, a kind of soup made from noodles and vermicelli, cabbage, tomatoes, (cartilage and beef tendons) and tripe, spring roll risoles, served in broth, added with sweet soy sauce, sprinkled with fried onions and chili sauce, Asinan is a kind of preserved vegetable or fruit salad from the many types and variations of pickles in Indonesia, the most popular are pickled vegetables and pickled fruit. and many more types, for example Toge goreng and rujak. There are two culinary centers in the city of Bogor, the first near the or better known as Alun-alun kota bogor which is a city park which is a gathering place for city residents to carry out social, cultural, and recreational activities. The Bogor City Square was inaugurated by the Bogor City Government on Friday, 17 December 2021 and the second is on Suryakencana Street, this street is a Chinatown area, visitors will find houses of native Chinese residents and buildings from ancient times because this area has indeed functioned as a commercial area since the Dutch colonial era. Media Bogor has three daily Indonesian-language newspapers – Radar Bogor, founded in 1998, Pakuan Raya founded in 2005 and Jurnal Bogor, founded in 2008. they print in about 25,000 copies and have electronic versions. Bogor offices also partly print part some Sundanese and national newspapers. There are a few magazines and scientific publications of the local universities. The two municipal TV channels, Bogor TV and Megaswara TV, broadcast at UHF channel 25 over the city and nearby areas of West Java. There are also at least 30 local radio stations, of which 20 are in the FM and 10 in the AM range. Sport As of March 2010, the Bogor teams were registered in 28 sports to participate in national and regional competitions conducted by the National Sports Committee of Indonesia (). At the Java competitions, Bogor athletes took 5 gold medals instead of the planned 42. The largest among 15 sports organizations is the Bogor Football Union (), headed by the current Mayor Diani Budiarto. The local football team "PSB Bogor" has never won in the national championships. The local Stadium Pajajaran can accommodate 25,000 spectators. ==Education==

campus gate Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in Indonesia. A significant part of academic and research base was laid in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since the beginning of the 19th century, there were established laboratories and professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of colonial agriculture. In the late 19th – early 20th centuries major scientific institutions were established – the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of Forest. The prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia after gaining independence. As in the second half of the 20th century, in the 2000s the strongest areas were agricultural, biology, and veterinary sciences. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance is IPB University, which in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories. Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), an international organization conducting research on forestry and human development. The headquarters of the Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat are also in Bogor. The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is relatively high for Indonesia. IPB University () is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration. The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun. In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools (madrasah) and several Christian schools and colleges. Most scientific research in Bogor is carried out in agriculture, soil science, dendrology, veterinary and ichthyology. More specific areas include natural pesticides and repellents, intercropping, industrial applications of essential oils and natural alkaloids, increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving preservation processes, etc. ==Sister cities==

• Gödöllő, Hungary • Kisarazu, Japan • Nanning, China • St. Louis, United States ==Notable people==