Boston and Albany Railroad

When the Erie Canal opened in 1825, New York City's advantageous water connection through the Hudson River threatened Boston's historical dominance as a trade center. Since the Berkshires made construction of a canal infeasible, Boston turned to the emerging railroad technology for a share of the freight to and from the Midwestern United States. The Boston and Worcester Railroad was chartered June 23, 1831 and construction began in August 1832. The line opened in sections: to West Newton on April 16, 1834; to Wellesley on July 3; to Ashland on September 20; to Westborough in November 1834; and the full length to Worcester on July 4, 1835. The original single-track line was double-tracked from Boston to Framingham in 1839, and on to Worcester by 1843. In 1843 the B&W introduced season passes to West Newton for $60, effectively introducing the concept of commuter rail. Construction began in 1837, and the Eastern Division to the Connecticut River in Springfield opened on October 1, 1839. The summit of Charlton Hill drainage divide between the Atlantic coast and the Connecticut River is a rock cut west of Boston. The Western Division, through the Berkshire Hills, opened in sections from both ends from the state line to Pittsfield May 4, 1841, West Springfield to Chester May 24, 1841, Springfield to West Springfield (across the Connecticut River) July 4, 1841, Pittsfield to "Summit" August 9, 1841, and Chester to Summit September 13, 1841. The summit through the Berkshires is known as Washington Hill. Eastbound trains climb of 1.4% grade while westbound trains climb of slightly steeper grade to reach the of fairly level track across the drainage divide between the Connecticut and Hudson Rivers. On October 4, 1841, the first train ran along the full route. The only true tunnel on the B&A is State Line Tunnel in Canaan, New York, about west of the Massachusetts state line. The original bore was augmented by an improved-alignment second tunnel in 1912, and the original bore was abandoned in the late 20th century. The last passenger service on the line on April 30, 1971, before the creation of Amtrak was an unnamed Chicago-bound successor to the New York Central's New England States. The intercity trips were taken over by Amtrak on May 1, 1971, and, on January 27, 1973, the MBTA acquired the line east of Framingham. Service beyond Framingham was discontinued October 27, 1975, as the state did not subsidize it. Conrail took over Penn Central on April 1, 1976. On September 26, 1994, some rush hour trains started to serve Worcester on Conrail trackage (which became CSX trackage on June 1, 1999), extending to other times beginning on December 14, 1996. The MBTA acquired the rest of the line from Framingham to Worcester as part of an agreement announced in 2009. As part of the deal, clearances on the line west of Interstate 495 were improved, permitting full double stack service from Selkirk Yard in New York to an expanded CSX intermodal freight facility in Worcester and a transload facility near I-495. The deal was closed on June 17, 2010. CSX's Boston Subdivision retains the right to use certain MBTA-owned track. Norfolk Southern obtained trackage rights as part of CSX's acquisition of Pan Am Railways in 2022, and started operating double-stack intermodal trains over the B&A mainline in January 2026. Since 1959, the former "Circuit" line, later called the Highland branch, has been used as the grade-separated right-of-way of the MBTA's Green Line D branch light rail line. ==Named trains==

The Boston & Albany hosted many named long-distance trains of the New York Central system. Below is a list of named trains effective as of November 12, 1939. Westbound • Empire State Express, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland–Indianapolis–St. Louis • The Mohawk, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland–Chicago with connection at Cleveland for Indianapolis and St. Louis • Ohio State Limited, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland–Indianapolis–St. Louis with connection at Cleveland for Cincinnati • New England States, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Chicago with connection at Buffalo for Ashtabula, Youngstown, thence via Pittsburgh & Lake Erie to Pittsburgh • The Wolverine, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Niagara Falls–London (Ont.)–Detroit–Ann Arbor–Chicago • Lake Shore Limited, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland–Chicago • Southwestern Limited, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland–Indianapolis–St. Louis with connection at Cleveland for Cincinnati • Cleveland Limited, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland • The Niagara, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Niagara Falls–London (Ont.)–Detroit–Ann Arbor–Chicago with connection to Cleveland and Cincinnati at Buffalo • The Iroquois, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland–Chicago • South Shore Express, Boston–Albany–Buffalo–Cleveland–Chicago with connection to Chicago via Detroit at Buffalo and to Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and St. Louis at Cleveland Eastbound • The Iroquois, Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • ''World's Fairliner'', Chicago–Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston with connection from Detroit at Buffalo • New York Special, Chicago–Ann Arbor–Detroit–London (Ont.)–Niagara Falls–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • Fifth Avenue Special, Chicago–Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • Southwestern Limited • The Wolverine • Ohio State Limited • New England States • The Knickerbocker, Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • The Water Level Limited, Chicago–Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • Henry Hudson, Toledo–Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston with connection from Grand Rapids and Niagara Falls at Buffalo • Lake Shore Limited • North Shore Limited, Chicago–Ann Arbor–Detroit–London (Ont.)–Niagara Falls–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • Maumee–Missourian, Chicago–Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • The Forest City, Chicago–Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • The De Witt Clinton, Chicago–Ann Arbor–Detroit–London (Ont.)–Niagara Falls–Buffalo–Albany–Boston • Boston Expres, Chicago–Cleveland–Buffalo–Albany–Boston Southbound • New York Express, North Adams–Pittsfield–Chatham–New York City ==Branches==

Grand Junction The Grand Junction Railroad was chartered in 1847 as a reincorporation of the 1846 Chelsea Branch Railroad, meant to connect the lines north and west of Boston. The first section, from East Boston to Somerville, opened in 1849, and the extension to the B&W in Allston opened in 1856. The Eastern Railroad leased the line from 1852 to 1866, using part of it as their new main line. In 1866 the B&W bought the line (keeping trackage rights for the Eastern). Brookline/Highland The Brookline branch split from the main line in the west part of Boston's Back Bay, running southwest for 1.55 mi (2.5 km) to Brookline (the current location of Brookline Village station). It opened in 1847. In Summer 1852 the Charles River Branch Railroad extended the line to Newton Upper Falls; this would eventually become part of the New England Railroad, an alternate route to New York. In 1882 the B&A bought part of the Charles River Branch, and in 1884 they built a line from Riverside to the branch, forming the Highland branch, Newton Highlands branch, or "Newton circuit". Service ended in 1958, and what is now the MBTA Green Line D branch light rail line started using the tracks in 1959. Newton Lower Falls The short Newton Lower Falls Branch opened in 1847, splitting from the main line just west of Riverside to Newton Lower Falls. Saxonville The Saxonville Branch opened in 1846, running 3.87 miles (6.2 km) from Natick to Saxonville. It has been converted into the Cochituate Rail Trail. Framingham The Framingham branch opened in 1849, running 2.06 miles (3.3 km) from Framingham to Framingham Centre. The Agricultural Branch Railroad was incorporated in 1847 and opened in 1855, continuing the branch to Northborough, and to Pratts Junction in 1866. It was leased by the B&W in 1853, but consolidated into the Boston, Clinton, Fitchburg and New Bedford Railroad in 1876 and leased to the Old Colony Railroad in 1879 after changing its name to the Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg Railroad in 1867. This company also used the Framingham branch as part of its main line. Milford In 1847, the 11.97 mile (19.3 km) Milford Branch, splitting at Framingham, opened. A connection was later made at Milford to the Milford and Woonsocket Railroad and Hopkinton Railway. Most of the right-of-way (except for the short active section in Framingham) has been converted to part of the Upper Charles Rail Trail. Millbury The 3.07 mile (4.9 km) Millbury Branch opened in 1846 from a split at Millbury Junction on the Grafton/Millbury line to Millbury. Webster The Providence, Webster and Springfield Railroad was chartered in 1882, opened in 1884, and always leased to and operated by the B&A. The line formed a branch of the B&A from Webster Junction in Auburn to the Worcester and Norwich Railroad in Webster, with a short branch (East Village branch) in Webster to East Village. Spencer The Spencer Railroad opened and was leased to the B&A in 1879, as a short branch from South Spencer to Spencer. The B&A outright bought it in 1889. North Brookfield The North Brookfield Railroad was chartered in 1874, incorporated in 1875 and opened in 1876, branching from the B&A in East Brookfield and running to North Brookfield. It was leased to the B&A from opening. Ware River The Ware River Railroad was chartered in 1868, running from Palmer to the Cheshire Railroad in Winchendon. The first section, from Palmer to Gilbertville, opened in 1870, and the rest in 1873. Until 1873 it was leased to and operated by the New London Northern Railroad; at that time the lease was transferred to the B&A, as a reorganization of the earlier company. Athol The Athol and Enfield Railroad and Springfield and North-Eastern Railroad were chartered in 1869, and succeeded by the Springfield, Athol and North-eastern Railroad in 1872, opening in 1873 as a branch from Athol Junction in Springfield to the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad in Athol. The B&A bought the line in 1880. The majority of the line was closed in the 1930s due to the formation of the Quabbin Reservoir. Chester and Becket The Chester and Becket Railroad was chartered in 1896 and opened in 1897 from Chester west to quarries in Becket. It was always operated by the B&A. North Adams The Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad was incorporated in 1842 and opened in 1846, having been already leased to the Western Railroad. It ran from North Adams Junction in Pittsfield to North Adams, where it connected to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad. Surviving structures along this branch include the Pittsfield & North Adams Passenger Station and Baggage & Express House in Adams, Massachusetts. Most of this line has been turned into the Ashuwillticook Rail Trail, but tourist passenger trains now (2021) operate between North Adams and Adams. Hudson The Hudson and Berkshire Railroad was chartered in 1828 to build a line from Hudson, New York to the Massachusetts state line. Construction began in 1835 and was completed in 1838. The company was leased to the Berkshire Railroad, along with the connecting West Stockbridge Railroad, in 1844, but was bought by the Western Railroad in 1854. The name was changed to the Hudson and Boston Railroad in 1855, and the part east of Chatham was abandoned around 1860, as it duplicated the newer Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad (part of the B&A main line). The rest of the line formed a cutoff between the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad towards New York City and the B&A. Post Road/Selkirk The Post Road branch or Selkirk branch was originally built as part of the Hudson River Connecting Railroad, a southern bypass of the Albany area. It opened in 1924, and the part of it from the B&A at Post Road Crossing (the crossing of the Albany Post Road) to Schodack Junction on the east side of the Hudson River became the B&A Post Road branch. The rest became the New York Central Railroad's Castleton Cut-off. ==Station and landscape design program==

The B&A undertook a significant program of improvement and beautification in the 1880s and 1890s. The B&A hired architect Alexander Rice Esty who designed the Boston passenger station which was completed in 1881, the year of Esty's death. That same year, the B&A hired architect Henry Hobson Richardson to design a series of passenger stations. Over the next five years, Richardson was responsible for nine B&A stations (Auburndale, Chestnut Hill, Elliot, Waban, and Woodland (Newton, MA), Wellesley Hills, Brighton, South Framingham, and Palmer), as well as a dairy building; he also provided designs for passenger cars. At the same time, the B&A hired landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted to design the grounds of several stations and to work with the railroad to establish a landscape beautification program for other stations. After Richardson's death, the B&A commissioned his successors, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, to design 23 additional stations between 1886 and 1894. The B&A's innovative program of well-designed stations and landscape served as a model for several other railroads around the turn of the 20th century. ==Main line station listing==

Mileposts noted here reflect the 1899 opening of South Station, which extended the line about from the previous Kneeland Street terminal. ==See also==