Brief Encounter

In a railway station refreshment room, a man and a woman are sitting glumly at a table. One of the woman's friends comes in and immediately begins chatting away. After some terse pleasantries, the man leaves to catch his train. The woman explains that the man is about to move to Africa. After the man leaves, the woman abruptly disappears but soon returns, explaining that she wanted to see the express train pass by. After a short interval, the two women head for their own train. At home, Laura Jesson, the woman at the table, sits in the living room with her husband Fred. Laura silently reflects on her recent experiences, which she retells in the form of a confession to her husband. Laura visits Milford every week to shop and watch a matinée film. During one such outing she meets idealistic doctor Alec Harvey, who works at the local hospital on Thursdays. Alec charms her by gently removing a piece of grit from her eye. Laura continues visiting Milford on Thursdays. The following week, she runs into Alec at the chemist. The week after that, they eat lunch and watch a film together. Although they are both married with children, their innocent, casual relationship begins to deepen. The situation makes them uneasy, though they admit they love each other. Laura and Alec continue meeting in public until they unexpectedly run into some of Laura's friends, necessitating the first of many deceptions. Eventually, they agree to make love at the flat of Alec's friend Stephen, who has dinner plans. However, Stephen returns unexpectedly. Stephen overhears Laura sneaking out and subtly chides Alec for his infidelity. A distraught Laura wanders the streets for three hours until a concerned police officer urges her to go home. At the railway station, Laura and Alec admit that their relationship is unworkable. For the sake of his family, Alec decides to end his relationship with Laura by taking a job in Johannesburg. The next week, Laura and Alec have their final meeting in the railway station refreshment room, as previously shown in the opening scene. As they prepare to part for the last time, Laura's acquaintance Dolly Messiter interrupts them, oblivious to their anguish. Alec's train arrives before they can say a proper goodbye. He discreetly squeezes Laura's shoulder as he departs. Laura, overcome with emotion, nearly commits suicide by jumping in front of an express train. However, she gathers herself and returns home to her family. At home, Fred acknowledges Laura's emotional distance, though whether he knows the cause remains unclear. He thanks her for coming back to him and she weeps in his arms. A parallel subplot involves the interactions of the station and refreshment room staff. Two of the staff flirt with each other but cannot engage in public displays of affection during work hours, which humorously contrasts with Laura and Alec's ability to meet openly with each other and inability to have a relationship outside of work hours. ==Cast==

Brief Encounter is based on Noël Coward's one-act play Still Life (1936), one of ten short plays in the cycle Tonight at 8.30, designed for Gertrude Lawrence and Coward himself, to be performed in various combinations as triple bills. All scenes in Still Life are set in the refreshment room of the fictional Milford Junction railway station. As is common in films adapted from stage plays, the film includes settings that are only mentioned in the play, such as Dr. Lynn's flat, Laura's home, a cinema, a restaurant and a branch of Boots the Chemist. Several scenes were added for the film, including a scene on a lake where Dr. Harvey gets his feet wet, Laura wandering alone in the dark and smoking on a park bench where she is confronted by a police officer, and a drive in the country in a hired car. Some scenes were altered to be less ambiguous and more dramatic in the film adaptation. The scene in which the lovers are about to commit adultery is toned down; in the play, it is left to the audience to decide whether they actually consummate their relationship, while in the film, they do not. In the film, Laura has only just arrived at Dr. Lynn's flat when the owner returns, prompting Dr. Harvey to quickly escort her out via the kitchen service door. Additionally, when Laura contemplates suicide by throwing herself in front of a train, the film makes her intention clearer through voice-over narration. In the play, the characters at Milford station—Mrs. Bagot, Mr. Godby, Beryl and Stanley—are aware of the growing relationship between Laura and Alec and occasionally mention it in an offhand manner. In the film, these characters pay little attention to the couple. The film's final scene, where Laura embraces her husband after he acknowledges her emotional distance and possibly suspects the cause, is not present in the original play. Two editions of Coward's original screenplay for the film adaptation are available, both listed in the bibliography. ==Production==

Much of the film was shot at Carnforth railway station in Lancashire, then a junction on the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Although it was a busy station, it was far enough away from major cities to avoid the blackout for film purposes, allowing shooting to take place in early 1945 before World War II had ended. At two points in the film, platform signs indicate local destinations such as Leeds, Bradford, Morecambe and Lancaster, even though Milford is intended to be in the home counties. Noël Coward provided the station announcements in the film. The station refreshment room was recreated in a studio. Carnforth station retains many of the period features from the time of filming and has become a place of pilgrimage for fans of the film. Some of the urban scenes were shot in London, Denham, and Beaconsfield, near Denham Studios. The country bridge the lovers visit twice, including on their final day, is Middle Fell Bridge at Dungeon Ghyll in Cumbria. The poem that Fred asks Laura to help him with for his crossword is by John Keats: "When I have Fears that I may Cease to Be". The quote Fred recites is "When I behold, upon the night's starr'd face, huge cloudy symbols of a high romance". In addition to the Keats reference, there is a visual reference to an Arabic love poem. In Dr. Lynn's apartment, a wall hanging is prominently displayed twice—first over the dining table when Laura enters, and later over Alec's left shoulder when Stephen confronts him. The original choice for the role of Alec Harvey was Roger Livesey, but David Lean cast Trevor Howard after seeing him in The Way to the Stars. Joyce Barbour was originally cast as Dolly, but Lean was dissatisfied with her performance, and she was replaced by Everley Gregg. ==Music==

Excerpts from Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 recur throughout the film, performed by the National Symphony Orchestra under Muir Mathieson, with Eileen Joyce as the pianist. Additionally, there is a scene in a tearoom where a salon orchestra plays Spanish Dance No. 5 (Bolero) by Moritz Moszkowski. ==Release==

Box office According to trade papers, Brief Encounter was a "notable box-office attraction" and was the 21st most popular film at the British box office in 1946. Critical reception Brief Encounter received widespread critical acclaim, with Johnson and Howard's performances earning high praise; although there were doubts that it would be "generally popular". Variety praised the film, stating, "Coward's name and strong story spell nice US chances." It was a moderate success in the UK and became a major hit in the US, leading to Johnson's nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. The New York Times review was approving: "Of all the recent offerings in the show-shops, it is definitely one of the best. And that is because it does the one thing which so few of our films ever do; it tells a believeable human story in a straight and believeable way. It's the barest wisp of a story….and the love afair is of the simplest—just a couple of harmless rendezvous in which the two have luncheon together, go to the movies, and take a modest country drive. It is only a tentative meeting in the apartment of an absent friend (who happens to come home early) that makes them see the impossibility of love and compels them to the ultimate parting (which initiates the flash-back telling of the tale)….Indeed, it is in the decency and obvious futility of their love, hedged in by all the conventions of society and domesticity, that is lodged the heart of the drama. For Mr. Coward's little story simply says that our drab lives are governed most by loyalties; we but surrender now and then to hopeless dreams." The Chicago Tribune concurred: "An elegy for a lost love, 'Brief Encounter' is an artistic and sensitive film of a superior sort. By its very simplicity and lack of glamor, the story has a realism that is deeply touching….Celia Johnson makes her Laura a winning person, and Trevor Howard's Dr. Harvey is equally personable. Neither is particularly good looking, a fact which enhances the appeal and reality of the sad little story. They are just ordinary people, living an old, old story, but they have character and conscience, and you will not forget them easily." Today, Brief Encounter is widely acclaimed for its black-and-white cinematography and the evocative atmosphere created by its steam-age railway setting, elements particularly associated with David Lean's original version. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 91% based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Brief Encounter adds a small but valuable gem to the Lean filmography, depicting a doomed couple's illicit connection with affecting sensitivity and a pair of powerful performances." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Awards and nominations ==Legacy==

In her book Noël Coward (1987), Frances Gray notes that Brief Encounter is, after Coward's major comedies, his most prominent work. The film has frequently aired on television to high viewership consistently. Its story is that of an unconsummated affair between two married people [....] Coward is keeping his lovers in check because he cannot handle the energies of a less inhibited love in a setting shorn of the wit and exotic flavour of his best comedies [....] To look at the script, shorn of David Lean's beautiful camera work, deprived of an audience who would automatically approve of the final sacrifice, is to find oneself asking awkward questions (pp. 64–67). Brief Encounter has earned a lasting legacy in cinema history. In 1952, it was voted one of the 10 greatest films ever made in two separate critics' polls. In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked it #2 on the BFI Top 100 British films list, behind only The Third Man, and in 2004 Total Film magazine named it the 44th greatest British film of all time. Film critic Derek Malcolm included it in his 2000 column The Century of Films. British historian Thomas Dixon remarked that Brief Encounter "has become a classic example of a very modern and very British phenomenon—weeping over the stiff upper lip, crying at people not crying. The audiences for these wartime weepies could, through their own tears, provide something that was lacking in their own lives as well as those of the on-screen stoics they admired." Director Robert Altman's wife Kathryn Altman said, "One day, years and years ago, just after the war, [Altman] had nothing to do and he went to a theater in the middle of the afternoon to see a movie. Not a Hollywood movie: a British movie. He said the main character was not glamorous, not a babe. And at first he wondered why he was even watching it. But twenty minutes later, he was in tears, and had fallen in love with her. And it made him feel that it wasn't just a movie." The film was Brief Encounter. The film's influence extends into other works. The British play and film The History Boys features two characters reciting a passage from Brief Encounter. The episode "Grief Encounter" of the British comedy series Goodnight Sweetheart features a reference to Coward and includes a scene filmed at Milford railway station, echoing Brief Encounter. Similarly, "Mum's Army", an episode of ''Dad's Army'', appears to be loosely inspired by the film. Brief Encounter also serves as a plot device in Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont (2005), a comedy-drama film based on Elizabeth Taylor's 1971 novel. In the story, the aging widow Mrs. Palfrey reminisces about Brief Encounter as her and her late husband's favorite film, leading to a significant connection between her young friend and writer Ludovic Meyer and his eventual girlfriend. In the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the world's greatest films, Brief Encounter received votes from 11 critics and three directors. ==Social context==

Frances Gray observes that a frequent criticism of the play is the lack of consummation between the characters, and she attributes their restraint to class consciousness. Gray argues that, while the working classes were often portrayed as vulgar and the upper classes as frivolous, the middle class regarded itself as the moral backbone of society, and upheld corresponding standards. As Coward's principal audience was middle class, he was reluctant to question or threaten those norms. In the film, Laura's narration makes clear that what finally restrains her is not merely social convention, but a profound horror at betraying her husband and her own moral principles, despite strong emotional temptation. The tension between desire and duty is central to the story, and helps explain the film's enduring appeal. Those moral conventions were widely shared at the time in which the film is set. For example, the stigma attached to divorce was a factor in Edward VIII's abdication in 1936. Updating the story to a markedly more modern setting would have risked rendering those values obsolete, and so undermining the plot's plausibility, which may account for why the 1974 remake failed to resonate. Released against the backdrop of the Second World War, when transient relationships were common and women experienced greater sexual and economic freedom, the film spoke to contemporary anxieties. In British National Cinema (1997), Sarah Street argues that Brief Encounter "articulated a range of feelings about infidelity that invited easy identification, whether it involved one's husband, lover, children, or country" (p. 55). In this context, some feminist critics have read the film as an attempt to stabilise relationships and restore the pre-war social order. Richard Dyer, in his 1993 BFI study of the film, notes that, with the rise of homosexual law reform, gay men identified with the characters' predicament, viewing it as analogous to their own social constraints on forming and sustaining relationships. Sean O'Connor has described the film as an "allegorical representation of forbidden love," a reading he links to Coward's experience as a closeted gay man. ==Further adaptations==

Radio Brief Encounter was adapted as a radio play on the 20 November 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater, starring Greer Garson. It was also presented three times on The Screen Guild Theater: on 12 May 1947 with Herbert Marshall and Lilli Palmer, on 12 January 1948 with Marshall and Irene Dunne, and on 11 January 1951 with Stewart Granger and Deborah Kerr. Additionally, Lux Radio Theater adapted the film on 29 November 1948 with Garson and Van Heflin, and again on 14 May 1951 with Olivia de Havilland and Richard Basehart. On 30 October 2009, as part of the celebrations for the 75th anniversary of the BBC's Maida Vale Studios, Jenny Seagrove and Nigel Havers starred in a special Radio 2 production of Brief Encounter, performed live from Maida Vale's studio 6 (MV6). The script used was a 1947 adaptation for radio by Maurice Horspool, which had been in the BBC's archives and had never been performed since its creation. In addition, Theatre Guild on the Air broadcast two adaptations of Brief Encounter in its original form, Still Life. The first aired on 6 April 1947 on ABC featuring Ingrid Bergman, Sam Wanamaker and Peggy Wood. The second aired on 13 November 1949 on NBC, starring Helen Hayes and David Niven. TV • In 1961, Brief Encounter was adapted for television, starring Dinah Shore and Ralph Bellamy. • A 1974 television remake, aired in the United States on Hallmark Hall of Fame, featured Sophia Loren and Richard Burton. However, this version was not well received by critics or audiences. Theatre The first adaptation of Brief Encounter to source from both the screenplay and Noël Coward's original stage material was created by Andrew Taylor and starred Hayley Mills. This production embarked on its first national tour in 1996 and later transferred to the West End, where it played at the Lyric Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue, in 2000, featuring Jenny Seagrove in the lead role. Emma Rice/Kneehigh Theatre adaptation The Kneehigh Theatre production, adapted and directed by Emma Rice, was a unique blend of the film and Coward's original stage play, incorporating additional musical elements. Produced by David Pugh and Dafydd Rogers, the adaptation premiered at Birmingham Repertory Theatre in October 2007 and later at the West Yorkshire Playhouse before opening in February 2008 at the Haymarket Cinema in London, which was temporarily converted into a theatre for the play. The 2008 London cast included Amanda Lawrence, Tamzin Griffin, Tristan Sturrock, and Naomi Frederick in lead roles. The production ran until November 2008 and subsequently toured the UK from February to July 2009, with performances at venues including the Oxford Playhouse, Marlowe Theatre and Richmond Theatre. During the tour, the lead roles were played by Hannah Yelland and Milo Twomey. The US premiere of the Kneehigh adaptation was held at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco from September to October 2009. The production later moved to St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York, for performances in December 2009 and January 2010, followed by a run at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis from February to April 2010. A Roundabout Theatre Company production of the Kneehigh adaptation opened at Studio 54 in New York City on 28 September 2010, starring Hannah Yelland, Tristan Sturrock, and other members of the London cast. The limited engagement closed on 2 January 2011, after 21 previews and 119 performances, including a four-week extension. After an Australian tour in the autumn of 2013, Kneehigh's Brief Encounter was staged at the Wallis Annenberg Center in Beverly Hills and the Shakespeare Theatre in Washington, D.C., in the spring of 2014. The production returned to the UK in 2018, opening at Birmingham Repertory Theatre (where it originally premiered) and The Lowry in Salford in February, before returning to the Haymarket Cinema in London from March to September 2018. Opera In May 2009, Houston Grand Opera premiered a two-act opera titled Brief Encounter, based on the film's story. The opera featured music by André Previn and a libretto by John Caird. ==See also==