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Vytautas Landsbergis-Žemkalnis

Vytautas Landsbergis-Žemkalnis was a Lithuanian architect most active in interwar Lithuania (1926–1939). He was the father of Vytautas Landsbergis, the first Lithuanian head of state after independence from the Soviet Union.

Biography
Early life and education Landsbergis hailed from an old German Landsberg family that traced its roots to a ministerialis who lived in 1055 at the Werden Abbey. His son together with his classmates Valdas Adamkus (future President of Lithuania) and (son of the former President Kazys Grinius) published 16 issues of anti-Nazi Jaunime, budėk! (Youth, Stay Alert!). Gabrielius was arrested by the Gestapo in May 1944. Together with 26 other Lithuanians, some of them leaders of the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania, he was transferred from one prison to another. Landsbergis followed his son's journey, smuggled him food, and petitioned Nazi officials (including Alfred Rosenberg, his acquaintance from the Riga Polytechnical Institute and the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories). Gabrielius and other Lithuanian prisoners were eventually freed by the Americans in Bayreuth in April 1945. Landsbergis published a memoir about his efforts to free his son in 1991. He became a displaced person (DP) and worked as a teacher at a Lithuanian DP camp in in Eichstätt. In 1946–1949, he taught at the university of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in Munich. In 1949, he emigrated to Australia and worked there as an architect at the Housing and Construction Department in Melbourne. Some of the projects he worked on include the embassy of Australia in New Delhi, hospital in Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), government administrative building in Melbourne, tax office in Brisbane, factory for Burghart Hurle and Associates. He was also active with the Lithuanian Australian community. Return to Soviet Lithuania In 1959, he returned to Kaunas in Soviet Lithuania and worked as architect and restorer of monuments. From 1961 until retirement in 1984, he worked as an architect at the Institute for the Conservation of Monuments () first in Kaunas and since 1970 in Vilnius. Many of the projects from this period remained unrealized. In 1966, Landsbergis donated his archives (more than 2,000 files) to the Lithuanian Archives of Literature and Art making one of the most comprehensive and complete architectural archives in Lithuania. In 1973, for this 80th birthday, an exhibition was organized in his honor at the Arts Exhibition Palace and he was named the Honored Architect of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1991, he was recognized as the honorary citizen of Kaunas. In 1993, his 100th birthday was celebrated by the Lithuanian Union of Architects with a ceremony at the National Library of Lithuania and an exhibition at the Lithuanian Art Museum. The same year, Science and Encyclopedia Press published a monograph by Jolita Kančienė and Jonas Minkevičius about Landsbergis. Landsbergis died on 21 May 1993 in Vilnius and was buried in the Petrašiūnai Cemetery in Kaunas. In 1993, the former Architect Street in Eiguliai district of Kaunas was renamed in his honor. Another monograph about Landsbergis was published in 1997 by Algimantas Nakas. Another exhibition showcasing Landsbergis' works was organized in 2018. ==Works==
Works
Landsbergis prepared over a hundred architectural projects. Many of his works are plain, without decoration, but expertly balancing proportions. He designed the buildings so that they would fit into their natural and architectural surroundings. In 2015, 44 modernist buildings in Kaunas received the European Heritage Label. Of these buildings, eight were designed by Landsbergis: • 1928: residential house for painter Antanas Žmuidzinavičius • 1930: residential house for businessman Moze Chaimsonas (Maironis Street 13) • 1931: headquarters of (awarded bronze medal in an international exhibition in Paris in 1937) • 1931: Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See (present-day Kaunas Artists' House) • 1931: Physical Culture Palace (present-day Lithuanian Sports University) • 1932–1936: Research Laboratory used by the Ministry of Defense (present-day Faculty of Chemical Technology of Kaunas University of Technology) • 1933: offices of the District Municipality (present-day Kaunas Police Headquarters) • 1937: Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Crafts (present-day Kaunas County Public Library) His other notable projects include: • 1927: • 1928: Catholic Church of Christ the Redeemer in Kybartai (Romanesque Revival) • 1929: Eye, Ear, and Throat Clinic (present-day military hospital) • 1929: reconstruction of the Presidential Palace in Kaunas • 1930: reconstruction of Kaunas State Theatre • 1930: gymnasium in Biržai • 1931: gymnasium in Panevėžys • 1931: shelter for priests in Marijampolė • 1934: monument to pilots Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas at their crash site near Soldin and a mausoleum in present-day Ramybė Park • 1934: Catholic Church of St. John the Baptist in Šakiai • 1935: Catholic Church of the Sacred heart of Jesus in Mažeikiai • 1936: general plan for the Smeltė district in Klaipėda (132 houses and a trade school were constructed; plans for a Catholic church, market, and theater were interrupted by World War II) • 1937: Pedagogical Institute in Klaipėda • 1939: hospitals in Švėkšna and Šiauliai • 1961: reconstruction of a block in Vilnius Old Town (with others, the first such plan in post-war Vilnius, the exteriors would remain the same, but interiors would be significantly modernized) • 1975: reconstruction of the Old Arsenal of the Vilnius Castle Complex (with others) In addition to public buildings, Landsbergis prepared projects for several private homes, some of them for the famous Lithuanians: writers Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė (1932), Antanas Žukauskas-Vienuolis (1937), Pranas Mašiotas (1931), economist (1930), and others. ==References==
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