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Xi'an Y-20

The Xi'an Y-20 Kunpeng is a large military transport aircraft that was developed by the Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation for the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Development
The Y-20 project began in July 2007. Images of the Y-20 prototype emerged at the end of 2012. The first flight occurred on 26 January 2013. To speed up the development, reduce the workload, and lower its manufacturing cost. Model-based definition (MBD) design technique was also implemented, and it was the third aircraft to utilize MBD technology in the world, after Airbus A380 (2000) and Boeing 787 (2005). In 2020, the Y-20 was observed undergoing in-flight testing with four Shenyang WS-20 high-bypass engines. According to news reports, the variant of the Y-20 powered by new WS-20 engines had entered operational service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force by April 2023 at the latest. In November 2023, the Y-20B tanker variant was spotted with WS-20 engines, designated YY-20B. ==Design==
Design
Characteristics The Y-20 uses components made of composite materials. Eight types of different relays used on Y-20 are developed by Guilin Aerospace Co., Ltd. a wholly own subsidiary of China Tri-River Aerospace Group Co., Ltd.(中国三江航天集团), which is also known as the 9th Academy of the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). The Y-20's cabin incorporates flame-retardant composites developed by the 703 Institute of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). The 703 Institute was created in March 2009, with development taking three years. The performance of the composites is reportedly comparable to those that fulfil FAR Part 25.835. The 703 Institute achieved another milestone by establishing a comprehensive Chinese evaluation and certification system for aircraft composite materials based on international standards. Cargo is loaded through a large aft ramp that accommodates rolling stock. The Y-20 incorporates a shoulder wing, T-tail, rear cargo-loading assembly, and heavy-duty retractable landing gear, consisting of three rows, with a pair of wheels for each row, totaling six wheels for each side. According to the deputy general designer, the shortest take-off distance of the Y-20 is . and the aircraft entered production in 2016 with those engines. However, there had always been plans to develop Chinese alternatives. Testing with the Chengdu WS-18 engine (Chinese reverse engineered copy of imported D-30KP-2) may have occurred by late 2017. Compared to the D-30, the WS-18 was 300 kg lighter, weighing in at 2000 kg; with thrust increased from 12.5 per ton of the D-30 to 13.2 per ton; fuel consumption of the WS-18 was also reduced in comparison to the D-30, and the mean time between overhaul of the WS-18 was 3000 hours. However, because the increase in thrust was not significant in comparison to the D-30, the WS-18 was only likely to be a stopgap measure before the more modern Shenyang WS-20 was ready. Single-engine testing with the WS-20 may have occurred by February 2019. Four-engine in-flight testing may have occurred by December 2020. The engine was still in development in late-2021. In March 2023, Y-20 planes equipped with Shenyang WS-20 engines (designated Y-20B) were likely incorporated into the PLAAF service. In the same month, the executive of Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) announced the that China "[had] overcome all technical bottlenecks" regarding engines such as the WS-20. Transport capacity The Y-20's four-meter tall hold can lift up to 66 tons, and transport up to 2 Type 15 tanks or 1 Type 99A tank over a distance of 7800 km. The aircraft provides various internal configurations, in which one of which allows for a separate passenger deck above the cargo. Rails are mounted on the ceiling to facilitate offloading in areas where the rear ramp is inaccessible. ==Operational history==
Operational history
Production In 2014, a report from the People's Liberation Army's National Defence University stated that the PRC's civil and military transport needed 400 Y-20s. After incorporating the Y-20 into the PLAAF service, analysts noted Y-20 had an extremely quick production rate, with a large amount of production aircraft spotted inside the PLAAF testing base. By 2023, PLAAF was equipped with 67 Y-20 aircraft. According to a 2023 assessment by Aviation Week, the Y-20 was scheduled to replace Russian airframes, including the Ilyushin Il-76 and H-6U tanker variants. Analyst Matt Jouppi suggested airborne early warning and control was likely under development and that by 2032 China would likely have 75 YY-20 tankers and more than 100 Y-20 transport planes. On 8 May 2018, it was announced by PLAAF's military media that Y-20 had recently conducted its first joint airdrop training operations with the PLAAF airborne troops. to transport the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine to Cambodia in February 2021 On 13 February 2020, the Y-20 was part of a fleet that delivered supplies and personnel to Wuhan. The operation was part of an effort to mitigate what became the COVID-19 pandemic. A fleet of 11 aircraft delivered 2,600 military medical staff to Wuhan. The PLAAF fleet of 11 aircraft consists of 6 Y-20s, 3 Il-76s, and 2 Y-9s transport aircraft. This is Y-20's first civilian mission, signaling the increasing military involvement in pandemic response. On 5 June 2021, PLAAF transport aircraft fleet, including Y-20, was observed patrolling the South China Sea, which was accused of intrusion by Malaysia. On 28 November 2021, Y-20U aerial tanker was spotted around the southwest side of the Taiwan island among 27 military aircraft. This is the first observation of Y-20U outside inland China. On 9 April 2022, six Y-20 aircraft landed at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in Serbia, reportedly delivering a shipment of FK-3 surface-to-air missile systems. On 28 June 2022, six Y-20 arrived in Afghanistan to deliver 105 tonnes of humanitarian aid in response to June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake. On 1 August 2022, Senior Colonel and PLAAF spokesperson, Shen Jinke, told a press conference that Y-20 tanker aircraft started combat readiness training. The aircraft is confirmed in PLAAF service The designation was later confirmed as YY-20 at Zhuhai Airshow 2022. The YY-20 features redesigned landing gear sponsons with sharper front and back ends, which reduces air turbulence. In September 2022, Chinese released footage of Y-20 tankers providing aerial refueling to Chengdu J-20 fighters. In early September 2022, Y-20 was present at the Airpower 22 airshow in Austria. This was the first time that the Y-20 was present at an airshow in Western Europe. In December 2024, re-engined Y-20Bs were spotted inside PLAAF facilities, suggesting they entered service. == Variants ==
Variants
;Y-20 :Prototypes and the initial batches, with Soloviev D-30KP-2 and Chengdu WS-18 engines. ;Y-20A :Base variant, with Chengdu WS-18 engines. ;Y-20B :Variant with four Shenyang WS-20 engines. ;YY-20A :Aerial tanker variant based on Y-20A. It's capable of carrying about 90 tons of fuel, similar to the role of Il-78. The tanker variant features redesigned landing gear sponsons. Previously known as Y-20U or YU-20, ;YY-20B :Dedicated aerial tanker variant based on Y-20B. ;Y-20 AEW (KJ-3000) :Airborne early warning and control variant AEW&C variant was spotted flight testing on 27 December 2024. == Controversy ==
Controversy
On July 13, 2016, Chinese national Su Bin pled guilty to charges that he conspired with others to hack into American defense contractor Boeing and steal documents related to the development of the C-17, F-22 and F-35 aircraft. He admitted to analyzing and translating stolen documents from English to Chinese, which he then emailed to the Second Department of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department. Su Bin admitted he did so for financial gain. According to Court documents, Su Bin's emails describe how the stolen info "...has extremely vital significance in our country's speeding up the development" of Project A (the Xi'an Y-20). Su Bin was sentenced to 3 years and 10 months in U.S. Federal prison With time served, he was released in October 2017. ==Operators==
Operators
• • People's Liberation Army Air Force - 55 Y-20 transport, 30 YY-20A transport / tanker and 10 YY-20B transport / tanker in service as of 2026 • One regiment in the 4th Transport Division • Three regiments in the 13th Transport Division ==Specifications (Y-20B)==
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