's showing the name Humans have occupied the area for at least 12,000 years. During the middle
Archaic period, from 5000
BC to 2000 BC, the
Mount Taylor period culture region covered northeast Florida, including the area around Cape Canaveral. Late in the Archaic period, from 2000 BC to 500 BC, the Mount Taylor culture was succeeded by the
Orange culture, which was among the earliest cultures in
North America to produce pottery. The Orange culture was followed by the
St. Johns culture, from 500 BC until after European contact. The area around the Indian River was in the Indian River variant of the St. Johns culture, with influences from the
Belle Glade culture to the south. During the
first Spanish colonial period the area around the
Indian River, to the south of Cape Canaveral, was occupied by the
Ais people, while the area around the
Mosquito Lagoon, to the north of the Cape, was occupied by the
Surruque people. The Surruque were allied with the Ais, but it is not clear whether the Surruque spoke a
Timucua language, or a language related to the
Ais language. In the early 16th century, Cape Canaveral was noted on maps, although without being named. It was named by
Spanish explorers in the first half of the 16th century as . The name "Canaveral" ( in
Spanish, meaning '
reed bed' or '
sugarcane plantation') is the third oldest surviving European place name in the United States. The first application of the name, according to the
Smithsonian Institution, was from the 1521–1525 explorations of Spanish explorer
Francisco Gordillo. A point of land jutting out into an area of the
Atlantic Ocean with swift currents, it became a landing spot for many shipwrecked sailors. An early alternative name was "Cape of Currents". By at least 1564, the name appeared on maps. A Presbyterian missionary was wrecked here and lived among the Indians. From 1605 to 1606, the
Spanish Governor of Florida Pedro de Ibarra sent
Alvaro Mexia on a diplomatic mission to the Ais Indian nation. The mission was a success; diplomatic ties were made and an agreement for the Ais to receive ransoms for all the shipwrecked sailors they returned. The hurricane of August 1885, pushed a "wall of water" over the barrier island (elevation, ) devastating Cape Canaveral and adjacent areas. The ocean waves flooded the
homesteaders and discouraged further settlement in the area. The beach near the lighthouse was severely eroded prompting its relocation west inland. The 1890 graduating class of
Harvard University started a gun club called the "Canaveral Club" at the Cape. This was founded by C. B. Horton of Boston and George H. Reed. A number of distinguished visitors including presidents
Grover Cleveland and
Benjamin Harrison were reported to have stayed here. In the 1920s, the grand building fell into disrepair and later burned to the ground. In the 20th century, several communities sprang up in Cape Canaveral with names like Canaveral, Canaveral Harbor, Artesia and De Soto Beach. While the area was predominantly a farming and fishing community, some visionaries saw its potential as a resort for vacationers. However, the
stock market crash of 1929 hampered its development. In the 1930s, a group of wealthy journalists started a community called "Journalista Beach", now called Avon by the Sea. The Brossier brothers built houses in this area and started a publication entitled the
Evening Star Reporter that was the forerunner of the
Orlando Sentinel. Construction of
Port Canaveral for military and commercial purposes was started in July 1950 and dedicated on November 4, 1953.
Congress approved the construction of a deep-water port in 1929, half a century after it was first petitioned by the
U.S. Navy in 1878. It is now the major deep-water port of
Central Florida.
Rocket launch site , in green, occupies northern Cape Canaveral;
Kennedy Space Center, in white, occupies northern Merritt Island Cape Canaveral became the test site for missiles when the legislation for the
Joint Long Range Proving Ground was passed by the
81st Congress and signed by
President Harry Truman on May 11, 1949. Work began on May 9, 1950, under a contract with the
Duval Engineering Company of
Jacksonville, Florida, to build the Cape's first paved access road and its first permanent launch site. Cape Canaveral was chosen for rocket launches to take advantage of the Earth's rotation. The linear velocity of the Earth's surface is greatest towards the
equator; the relatively southerly location of the cape allows rockets to take advantage of this by launching eastward, in the same direction as the Earth's rotation. It is also highly desirable to have the
downrange area sparsely populated, in case of accidents; an ocean is ideal for this. The east coast of Florida has logistical advantages over potential competing sites.
Name changes A post office in the area was built and listed in the
U.S. Post Office application as "Artesia" and retained this name from 1893 to 1954. It was "Port Canaveral" from 1954 to 1962, and then the City of Cape Canaveral from 1962 to 1963, when a larger post office was built. In 1963, President
Lyndon Johnson issued an
executive order renaming the area "Cape Kennedy", after President
John F. Kennedy, who had set the goal of landing on the
Moon. After Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, his widow,
Jacqueline Kennedy, suggested to Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral facility would be an appropriate memorial. Johnson recommended the renaming of the entire cape, announced in a televised address on November 28, 1963, six days after the assassination, on
Thanksgiving evening. Accordingly, Cape Canaveral was officially
renamed Cape Kennedy. Kennedy's last visit to the space facility was on November 16, 1963, six days before his death; the
final Mercury mission had concluded six months earlier. Although the name change was approved by the
U.S. Board on Geographic Names of the
Department of the Interior in December 1963, it was not popular in Florida from the outset, especially in the bordering
city of Cape Canaveral. In May 1973, the
Florida Legislature passed a law restoring the former 400-year-old name, and the Board went along. The name restoration to Cape Canaveral became official on October 9, 1973.
Senator Ted Kennedy had stated in 1970 that it was a matter to be decided by the citizens of Florida. The
Gemini,
Apollo, and the first
Skylab missions were all launched while the area was named Cape Kennedy. The first crewed launch under the restored name of Cape Canaveral was
Skylab 4, the final Skylab mission, on November 16, 1973. == Notes ==