Charles XIII

. Prince Charles was placed under the tutelage of Hedvig Elisabet Strömfelt and then Ulrica Schönström. He was appointed grand admiral when he was but few days old. He was described as a good dancer at the amateur theatre of the royal court. Reportedly he was not very close to his mother. The Queen preferred her youngest children, Sophie Albertine and Frederick Adolf. Charles was, however, his father's favorite, and similar to him in personality. He was also described as close to his brother Gustav during their childhood. Because of his position as the heir to the throne after his elder brother Gustav, he was early targeted as a useful tool for the opposition to his brother: already in the 1760s, the Caps (party) tried to use him against his brother the crown prince through his then love interest countess Brita Horn, daughter of the Cap's politician Adam Horn. Gustav, however, was always careful to prevent Charles from being used by the opposition, which came to its first test during the December Crisis (1768), when Charles, ultimately, did not let himself be used by the Caps party. In 1770, he made a journey through Germany and France alone. ==Reign of Gustav III==

, King of Sweden (sitting left), and youngest brother Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland (standing, middle) by Alexander Roslin, 1771. created for Prince Charles and worn at his brother Gustav's coronation in 1772. After the death of his father in 1771, when his brother the crown prince was abroad, the Caps once again attempted to use him against his brother, now King Gustav III of Sweden, and his mother Louisa Ulrika used this in order to have her own rights as a dowager queen respected by the Caps. His numerous affairs gave him the reputation of being a libertine. The Duke was known for his interest in the supernatural and mysticism, and he was engaged in several secret societies. He was a member of the Freemasons. He was reportedly a client of the fortune teller Ulrica Arfvidsson, and he also favored the medium Henrik Gustaf Ulfvenklou. In 1811, he founded the Order of Charles XIII, a Swedish order of chivalry awarded only to a maximum number of 33 knights, on the condition of confessing the Lutheran Evangelic Religion and being Freemasons. All Princes and Kings of the Bernadotte dynasty, the royal house of Sweden are from baptism, incorporate parts of the royal order of knights and freemasons. In addition are the order of merit granted to members of foreign Grand Lodges affiliated to the so-called Swedish System, such as the Grande Loge Nationale Française, if of royal rank. When the Swedish order of Freemason's states that "Freemasonry in Sweden has continued to develop under leadership of their Grand Masters, all of them belonging to the Royal House since more than 200 years", the origin of which arrives in large from King Charles II of Norway, XIII of Sweden. Duke Charles was given several political tasks during his tenure as a duke. In 1777, he served as regent during Gustav III's stay in Russia. In 1780, he served as formal chief commander during the king's stay in Spa. The same year, Gustav III named him regent for his son should he succeed him while still a minor. This however never materialized. On the outbreak of the Russo-Swedish War of 1788 he served with distinction as admiral of the fleet, especially at the battles of Hogland (7 June 1788) and Öland (26 July 1789). On the latter occasion he would have won a signal victory but for the remissness of his second-in-command, Admiral Liljehorn. The autumn of 1789, Duchess Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte wished to depose Gustav III and place her husband Duke Charles upon the throne. Her ideal was the Swedish Constitution of 1772, which she saw as a good tool for an enlightened aristocracy, and the war and the Union and Security Act had made her a leading part of the opposition. She cooperated with Prince Frederick Adolf of Sweden and Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm. ==Reign of Gustav IV Adolf==

On the assassination of Gustav III in 1792, Charles acted as regent of Sweden until 1796 on behalf of his nephew, King Gustav IV, who was a minor when his father was shot in the Stockholm opera. Gustav III had designated him regent in his earlier will. When he was dying, he altered the will, and while still appointing Charles regent of his minor son, he was no longer to rule absolute, but restricted by a government consisted of the supporters of Gustav III. In 1808, Charles was again chief commander during Gustav IV Adolf's stay in Finland. He is presumed to have been, if not involved, aware of the plans to depose Gustav IV Adolf in 1809. He kept passive during the Coup of 1809, and accepted the post of regent from the victorious party after having assured himself that the deposed monarch was not in mortal danger. Charles was initially not willing to accept the crown, however, out of consideration for the former king's son. ==Reign==

, 1813. The King is dressed in Swedish royal attire with the royal purple mantle over his shoulder and is holding the adoption certificate for Prince Charles John. On 13 March 1809, those who had dethroned Gustav IV Adolf appointed Charles regent, and he was finally elected king by the Riksdag of the Estates. By the time he became king, he was 60 years old and prematurely decrepit. In November 1809, he was affected by a heart attack, and was not able to participate in government. The new constitution which was introduced also made his involvement in politics difficult. A planned attempt to enlarge the royal power in 1809–10 was not put into effect because of his indecisiveness and health condition. Charles was the 872nd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain. ==Family==

He married his 15-year-old cousin, Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp (1759–1818), on 7 July 1774 in Stockholm. They had two children who died in infancy: • Stillborn daughter (2 July 1797) • Carl Adolf, Duke of Värmland (Stockholm, 4 July 1798 – Stockholm, 10 July 1798). Lived six days; buried at Riddarholm Church. With Augusta von Fersen, he had an extramarital son: • Carl Axel Löwenhielm (1772–1861) Adopted sons: • Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden • Charles XIV John of Sweden == Honours and arms ==

Honours • Sweden: • Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 7 October 1748 • Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword, 7 October 1748; Grand Cross, 1st Class, 27 July 1788 • Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star, 7 October 1748 • Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, 7 October 1748 • Founder of the Order of Charles XIII, 27 May 1811 • Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 18 October 1770 • : • Knight of the Order of St. Andrew, 28 August 1796 • Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, 28 August 1796 • : Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 10 February 1810 • Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 23 September 1814 Arms File:Armoiries du Prince Charles de Suède duc de Södermanland.svg|Coat of Arms as Prince of Sweden, Duke of Södermanland File:Armoiries des rois Adolphe Frédéric, Gustave III et Charles XIII de Suède.svg|Coat of Arms as King Charles XIII of Sweden, 1809–1814 File:Coat of Arms of Charles XIII of Sweden and Norway.svg|Coat of Arms as King Charles XIII of Sweden and Charles II of Norway, 1814–1818 File:Royal Monogram of King Charles XIII of Sweden.svg|Royal Monogram of King Charles XIII of Sweden ==Ancestors==