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Order of the Black Eagle

The Order of the Black Eagle was the highest order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Prussia. The order was founded on 17 January 1701 by Elector Friedrich III of Brandenburg. In his Dutch exile after World War I, deposed Emperor Wilhelm II continued to award the order to his family. He made his second wife, Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz, a Lady in the Order of the Black Eagle.

Overview
The statutes of the order were published on 18 January 1701, and revised in 1847. Membership in the Order of the Black Eagle was limited to a small number of knights, and was divided into two classes: members of reigning houses (further divided into members of the House of Hohenzollern and members of other houses, both German and foreign) and capitular knights. Before 1847, membership was limited to nobles, but after that date, capitular knights who were not nobles were raised to the nobility (Adelsstand). Capitular knights were generally high-ranking government officials or military officers. The Order of the Black Eagle had only one class, but could also be awarded at the king's prerogative "with the Chain" ("mit der Kette") or without ("ohne Kette"). By statute, members of the order also held the Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, and wore the badge of that order from a ribbon around the neck. From 1862, members of the Prussian royal house, upon award of the Order of the Black Eagle, also received the Prussian Crown Order 1st Class. == Insignia ==
Insignia
The badge of the Order was a gold Maltese cross, enameled in blue, with gold-crowned black eagles between the arms of the cross. The gold center medallion bore the royal monogram of Friedrich I ("FR", for Fredericus Rex). This badge was worn from either a broad ribbon (or sash) or a collar (or "chain"). The ribbon of the Order was an orange moiré sash worn from the left shoulder to the right hip, with the badge resting on the hip. The sash color was chosen in honor of Louise Henriette of Nassau, daughter of the Prince of Orange and first wife of the great elector. The collar or chain (Kette) was worn around the neck and resting upon the shoulders, with the badge suspended from the front center; the collar had 24 elaborate interlocking links: alternately a black eagle and a device featuring a center medallion with the motto of the Order (Suum Cuique—literally "To each his own," but idiomatically "To each according to his merits"), a series of FRs forming a cross pattern, a blue enameled ring around this, and crowns at each cross point. The star of the Order was a silver eight-pointed star, with straight or faceted rays depending on the jeweler's design. The center medallion displayed a black eagle (which gripped a wreath of laurels in its left claws and a scepter in its right) on a golden background, surrounded by a white enamelled ring bearing a wreath of laurels and the motto of the Order. At meetings of the chapter of the Order of the Black Eagle and at certain ceremonies, the knights wore red velvet capes with blue linings. Embroidered on the left shoulder of each cape was a large star of the Order. == Membership ==
Membership
From its founding in 1701 to 1918, the Order of the Black Eagle was awarded 407 times, with 57 of these installations occurring during the reign of Friedrich I (1701–1713). In 1918, the knights of the order totalled 118 — 14 were members of the Prussian royal house, one was a member of the Princely House of Hohenzollern, 49 (of whom nine were from states then at war with Germany) were members of other reigning houses, and 54 (including 17 who had not yet been fully installed) were nonroyal Germans. Subjects of the Prussian King receiving the order, which was only given in one class, were promoted to the peerage and received a hereditary title. From the Prussian State Handbooks, it is clear that the Order of the Black Eagle (as well as, by statute, the other Prussian orders, as mentioned above) was conferred upon all male members of the royal family on their 10th birthdays; these men received the collar of the Order on their 18th birthdays. The Order was also conferred upon Prussian queens (and, later, German empresses), though other female members of the royal family usually received the Order of Louise instead. == Sovereigns and Masters of the Order ==
Sovereigns and Masters of the Order
1781). • Friedrich I of Prussia (1657–1713) — founder of the Order of the Black Eagle; last Elector of Brandenburg and first King in Prussia • Frederick William I of Prussia (1688–1740) — first member of the Order, inducted in 1701, when he was crown prince; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1713–1740 • Friedrich II (1712–1786) — "Friedrich the Great"; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1740–1786 • Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia (1744–1797) — Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1786–1797 • Frederick William III of Prussia (1770–1840) — King of Prussia during the Napoleonic era; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1797–1840 • Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia (1795–1861) — Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1840–1861 • Wilhelm I (1797–1888) — King of Prussia and first German emperor; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1861–1888 • Friedrich III (1831–1888) — better remembered as "Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm" of Prussia; general during the German wars of unification; briefly German emperor, March to June 1888; Died of throat cancer • Wilhelm II (1859–1941) — last King of Prussia and last German emperor; Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1888–1941 • William, German Crown Prince (1882–1951), Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1941–1951 • Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1907–1994), Sovereign and Master of the Order, 1951–1994 • Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (born 1976), Sovereign and Master of the Order since 1994 == Recipients ==
Recipients
Royal House of Hohenzollern Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Prince in Prussia (1700–1770) — nephew of Friedrich I. • August Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1722–1758) — second son of Friedrich Wilhelm I; brother of Friedrich II ("Friedrich the Great"); father of Friedrich Wilhelm II; Prussian general in the Silesian WarsHeinrich, Prince of Prussia (1726–1802) — third son of Friedrich Wilhelm I and younger brother of Friedrich the Great; general in the Seven Years' WarAugust Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1730–1813) — fourth and youngest son of Friedrich Wilhelm I, and youngest brother of Friedrich the Great • Ludwig Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1772–1806) — son of August Ferdinand; general in the Napoleonic Wars, killed at the Battle of SaalfeldLudwig Karl, Prince of Prussia (1773–1796) — second son of Friedrich Wilhelm II and brother of Friedrich Wilhelm III • Kaiserin Augusta (1811–1890) — Princess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, wife and empress consort of Wilhelm I • Karl, Prince of Prussia (1801–1883) — third son of Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, father of Friedrich Karl • Adalbert, Prince of Prussia (1811–1873) — son of Prinz Wilhelm; Grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm II and nephew of Friedrich Wilhelm III; naval theorist, admiral, and founder of the first Prussian Fleet • Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia (1828–1885) — veteran of the Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War; hero of Königgrätz; Generalfeldmarschall of Prussia, and honorary field marshal of Russia; eldest son of Karl, father of Friedrich Leopold • Albrecht, Prince of Prussia (1809–1872) — second and youngest son of Karl, father of Albrecht • Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (1862–1929) — second son of Friedrich III and brother of Wilhelm II; Grand Admiral in the German Imperial Navy, World War I • Kaiserin Victoria (1840–1901) — "Kaiserin Friedrich"; Daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain; wife and Empress consort of Friedrich III; mother of Wilhelm II; Dowager German Empress and Queen Dowager of Prussia, 1888–1901; recognized by Friedrich III, 9 March 1888 • Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria (1858–1921) — Princess of Schleswig-Holstein, (first) wife and empress consort of Wilhelm II • Kronprinz Wilhelm (1882–1951) — Crown Prince of Germany and Prussia until 1918, World War I-era German general. • Friedrich Leopold, Prince of Prussia (1865–1931) — son of Friedrich Karl, father of Friedrich Sigismund, Friedrich Karl, and Friedrich Leopold • Albrecht, Prince of Prussia (1837–1906) — only son of Albrecht • Friedrich Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (1874–1940) — eldest son of Albrecht and grandson of Albrecht • Joachim Albrecht, Prince of Prussia (1876–1939) — second son of Albrecht and grandson of Albrecht • Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1880–1925) — third son of Albrecht and grandson of Albrecht • Eitel Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (1883–1942) — second son of Wilhelm II • Adalbert, Prince of Prussia (1884–1948) — third son of Wilhelm II – invested 18 January 1903August Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1887–1949) — fourth son of Wilhelm II • Oskar, Prince of Prussia (1888–1958) — fifth son of Wilhelm II • Waldemar, Prince of Prussia (1889–1945) — eldest son of Prince Heinrich, Grand Admiral • Joachim, Prince of Prussia (1890–1920) — sixth and youngest son of Wilhelm II • Friedrich Sigismund, Prince of Prussia (1891–1927) — eldest son of Friedrich Leopold; World War I pilot • Friedrich-Karl, Prince of Prussia (1893–1917) — second son of Friedrich Leopold; Bronze medallist in the 1912 Olympics; World War I pilot; wounded in action, taken POW, and died of wounds (1917) • Friedrich Leopold, Prince of Prussia (1895–1959) — third and youngest son of Friedrich LeopoldSigismund, Prince of Prussia (1896–1978) — second and youngest son of Prince Heinrich, Grand Admiral • Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia (1906–1940) — eldest son of Crown prince Wilhelm Princely House of Hohenzollern Karl Anton, Sovereign Prince Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1811–1885) • Leopold, Sovereign Prince Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1835–1905) — son of Karl Anton • Wilhelm, Sovereign Prince Hohelnzollern-Sigmaringen (1864–1927) • Ferdinand, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1865-1927) — brother of Sovereign Prince Wilhelm, reigned as Ferdinand I of Romania, 1914–1927 • Karl, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1839–1914) — second son of Karl Anton; reigned as Carol I of Romania, 1881–1914 Foreign royal members of the Order Prince Alexander of the Netherlands (1818-1848), invested with the order 4 December 1834 • Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934) — King of the Belgians during the First World War • Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg (1865–1939) — Head of the Royal House of Württemberg, invested with the order 18 January 1900 • Alexander IIITsar of Russia (1881–1894) • Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942) — Kaiser Wilhelm II's uncle, he was still a member of the order in 1918 despite being a British military officer. • Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951) — Prince of Sweden • Carol I of Romania — King of Romania (1866–1914); member of the Princely House of Hohenzollern. • Charles XV — King of Sweden and Norway (1859–1872) • Christian IX of Denmark — King of Denmark (1863–1906) • ChulalongkornKing of Siam (1868–1910) • Constantine I of Greece — King of Greece (1913–1917 and 1920–1922) • Pedro II of Brazil — Emperor of Brazil (1831-1889) • Edward VII — King of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India (1901–1910). • Prince Eugén, Duke of Närke — Prince of Sweden (1865–1947) • Franz Joseph I — Emperor of Austria (1848–1916) • Frederik VIII of Denmark — King of Denmark (1906–1912) • George V — King of Great Britain and Ireland, Emperor of India (1910–1936) • Guangxu Emperor — Emperor of China (1875–1908) • Gustaf V of Sweden — King of Sweden (1907–1950) • Gustaf VI Adolf of SwedenCrown Prince, later King of Sweden (1950–1973) • Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau — Prussian field marshal known as the "Old Dessauer" • Leopold II of Belgium — King of the Belgians (1865–1909). • Louis XVIII — King of France (1814-1815, 1815-1824). • Ludwig II of Bavaria — King of Bavaria (1864–1886). • Ludwig III of Bavaria — Last king of BavariaPrince Maximilian of Baden – heir to the Grand Duchy of Baden (1867–1929) – invested 18 January 1903Emperor Meiji – Emperor of Japan (1867–1912). • Mozaffar ad-Din ShahShah of Persia (1896–1907) — 29 May 1902 — during the visit to Berlin of the Shah • Naser al-Din Shah QajarShah of Persia (1848–1896). • Count Oscar Bernadotte of Wisborg — former Prince Oscar of Sweden (1859–1953) • Nicholas II — Last Emperor of the Russian Empire. • Duke Nicholas of Württemberg (1833–1903) — heir presumptive to the throne of Württemberg – invested with the order 18 January 1900George Keith (1692/93-1778) - 10th Earl Marischal of Scotland, and Confidante of Friedrich the Great, Ambassador of Prussia to France and Great Britain. • Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky (1830–1920), Austrian field marshal, chief of the general staff of the Imperial and Royal Army of Austria-Hungary, invested 19 September 1893 • Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) — Prussian chancellor and statesman • Gebhard von Blücher (1742-1819) — Prussian field marshal and leader of Prussian troops at the Battle of Leipzig and Battle of Waterloo. • Wilhelm Malte I of Putbus (1677–1749) — Swedish-German aristocrat, prussian general, for his dedication and skillful leadership of the province of New West Pomerania and of Rügen. • Wilhelm René de l'Homme de Courbière (1733-1811) — Prussian field marshal • Adolf von Deines (1845-1911) - Prussian General of the Cavalry and aide-de-camp to Wilhelm II. • General Edler von der Planitz – invested 18 January 1903 • General von Lignitz – invested 18 January 1903Ernst von PfuelPrussian general and Prime Minister of Prussia. • Albrecht von Roon (1803-1879) — Prussian field marshal and Minister. • Count Alfred von Schlieffen — German field marshal and strategist • Gustav von Senden-Bibran an admiral of the German Imperial Navy • Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz — Prussian cavalry general under Frederick the Great. • Friedrich Sixt von Armin — World War I-era German general. • Alexander Suvorov — Napoleonic-era Russian general and Generalissimo. • Ernst von Tettau (1644–1711) — General in Danish, Brandenburg, and Dutch service. • Karl von Thielen – Prussian Minister for Public works – invested 18 January 1903Giuseppe Zanardelli (1826-1903) — Italian Minister-President — in August 1902, in connection with the visit to Germany of King Victor Emmanuel III of ItalyDuke of Terceira, Prime Minister of PortugalGrand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia (1871-1899) — younger brother and initial heir of Emperor Nicholas II of RussiaEduard von Simson (1810-1899) – German jurist, President of the Frankfurt Parliament (1848–1849), President of the North German Confederation's Parliament (1867–1871), President of Reichstag (1871–1887), President of the Supreme Court of Justice (Reichsgericht) (1877–1891) == Current usage ==
Current usage
The Order of the Black Eagle is currently used as the emblem of the German Military Police (Feldjäger). == Notes ==
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