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Catullus

Gaius Valerius Catullus, known as Catullus, was a Latin neoteric poet of the late Roman Republic. His surviving works remain widely read due to their popularity as teaching tools and because of their personal or sexual themes.

Life
Gāius Valerius Catullus was born to a leading equestrian family of Verona, in Cisalpine Gaul. The social prominence of his family allowed his father to entertain Julius Caesar when he was the Promagistrate (proconsul) of both Gallic provinces. In poem 31, Catullus describes his happy homecoming to the family villa at Sirmio, on Lake Garda, near Verona; he also owned a villa near the resort of Tibur (modern Tivoli). He appears to have been acquainted with the poet Marcus Furius Bibaculus. A number of prominent contemporaries appear in his poetry, including Cicero, Caesar and Pompey. Cicero called Catullus' group of poets the "new poets" in scorn. According to an anecdote preserved by Suetonius, Caesar did not deny that Catullus's lampoons left an indelible stain on his reputation, but when Catullus apologized, he invited the poet for dinner the very same day. The "Lesbia" of his poems is usually identified with Clodia Metelli, a sophisticated woman from the aristocratic house of patrician family Claudii Pulchri, sister of the infamous Publius Clodius Pulcher, and wife to Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer (consul of 60 BC). The Roman writer Apuleius said that Lesbia was a certain Clodia within the Roman Empire He spent the year from summer 57 to summer 56 BC in Bithynia on the staff of the commander Gaius Memmius. While in the East, he traveled to the Troad to perform rites at his brother's tomb, an event recorded in a moving poem (101). However, Catullus's poems include references to events of 55 BC. Since the Roman consular fasti make it somewhat easy to confuse 87–57 BC with 84–54 BC, many scholars accept the dates 84–54 BC, Though upon his elder brother's death Catullus lamented that their "whole house was buried along" with the deceased, the existence (and prominence) of Valerii Catulli is attested in the following centuries. T. P. Wiseman argues that after the brother's death Catullus could have married, and that, in this case, the later Valerii Catulli may have been his descendants. ==Poetry==
Poetry
Sources and organization Catullus's poems have been preserved in an anthology of 116 carmina (the actual number of poems may slightly vary in various editions), which can be divided into three parts according to their form: approximately sixty short poems in varying meters, called polymetra, nine longer poems, and forty-eight epigrams in elegiac couplets. Each of these three parts – approximately 860 (or more), 1136, and 330 lines, respectively – would fit onto a single scroll. The text used today is based on a manuscript that surfaced in Verona in 1305. After the late 2nd century CE, Catullus’ poetry was relatively unknown. St. Jerome, Boethius and others include references to his poetry. In 1305 the Verona (or V) manuscript was discovered, but again disappeared. Two copies were made. One is now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The other, probably owned by Petrarch was copied and then it too disappeared. There is no scholarly consensus on whether Catullus himself arranged the order of the poems, but there are arguments for a Catullan arrangement based on external and aesthetic interpretations. One question is about which poem was first. Poem 2 begins with the word passer, sparrow, and Martial mentions a book of light verse known as Passer. Since collections were usually known from the first poem's first words, The passer poem should be first. But a dedication poem begins this libellus, little book.. The longest (64) of 408 lines, contains two myths (the abandonment of Ariadne and the marriage of Peleus and Thetis), one story included inside the other. The poem says that this marriage is the last time the gods visited mortals. This poem demonstrates an important trait of Neoteric poetry: chronological dislocations (order of events is less important than compositional balance). "Lesbia" served as a source of inspiration for many of his poems. Clodia was educated and sophisticated. Catullus was Robert Frost's favorite Roman poet. His poem “For Once, Then, Something” (1920) was written in hendecasyllables. Tennyson also admired Catullus and used the hendecasyllable meter in two poems. ==Musical settings==
Musical settings
The Hungarian-born British composer Mátyás Seiber set Catullus 31 (Sirmio) for unaccompanied mixed chorus (1956). The American composer Ned Rorem’s song “Catullus: On the Burial of His Brother” sets poem 101 for voice and piano. Pulitzer winning American composer Dominick Argento set verses of Catullus for mixed chorus and percussion in 1981. I Hate and I Love presents about 50 lines of text over eight movements using the composer's own translation into English. The Dale Warland Singers, who commissioned the work, recorded it, as did Robert Shaw with his Festival Chorus. Catullus Dreams (2011) is a song cycle by David Glaser set to texts of Catullus, scored for soprano and eight instruments; it premiered at Symphony Space in New York by soprano Linda Larson and Sequitur Ensemble. is a song cycle arranged from 17 of Catullus's poems by American composer Michael Linton. The cycle was recorded in December 2013 and premiered at Carnegie Hall's Weill Recital Hall in March 2014 by French baritone Edwin Crossley-Mercer and pianist Jason Paul Peterson. Thomas Campion also wrote a lute-song entitled "My Sweetest Lesbia" dating from 1601 using his own translation of the first six lines of Catullus 5 followed by two verses of his own; the translation by Richard Crashaw was set to music in a four-part glee by Samuel Webbe Jr. It was also set to music, in a three-part glee by John Stafford Smith. Catullus 5, the love poem , in the translation by Ben Jonson, was set to music in 1606, (lute accompanied song) by Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger. Dutch composer Bertha Tideman-Wijers used Catullus's text for her composition ''Variations on Valerius's "Where that one already turns or turns"'' (1929). The Icelandic composer Jóhann Jóhannsson set Catullus 85 to music; entitled , the song is found on Jóhannsson's album Englabörn, and is sung through a vocoder, and the music is played by a string quartet and piano. Catulli Carmina is a cantata by Carl Orff dating from 1943 that sets texts from Catullus to music. Finnish jazz singer Reine Rimón has recorded poems of Catullus set to standard jazz tunes. ==Cultural depictions==
Cultural depictions
• The 1888 play Lesbia by Richard Davey depicts the relationship between Catullus and Lesbia, based on incidents from Catullus's poems. • Catullus was the main protagonist of the historical novel Farewell, Catullus (1953) by Pierson Dixon. The novel shows the corruption of Roman society. • Vladimir Nabokov's 1955 novel Lolita makes multiple explicit and implicit allusions to Catullus's work. • W. G. Hardy's novel The City of Libertines (1957) tells the fictionalized story of Catullus and a love affair during the time of Julius Caesar. The Financial Post described the book as "an authentic story of an absorbing era". • A poem by Catullus is being recited to Cleopatra in the eponymous 1963 film when Julius Caesar comes to visit her; they talk about him (Cleopatra: "Catullus doesn't approve of you. Why haven't you had him killed?" Caesar: "Because I approve of him.") and Caesar then recites other poems by him. • The American poet Louis Zukofsky in 1969 wrote a set of homophonic translations of Catullus that attempted in English to replicate the sound as primary emphasis, rather than the more common emphasis on sense of the originals (although the relationship between sound and sense there is often misrepresented and has been clarified by careful study); his Catullus versions have had extensive influence on contemporary innovative poetry and homophonic translation, including the work of poets Robert Duncan, Robert Kelly, and Charles Bernstein. • Robert de Maria wrote a fictional account of Catullus's life in his 1965 novel Clodia. • Catullus was referenced by Baxter Slate in Joseph Wambaugh's 1975 novel The Choirboys. • Catullus is the protagonist of Tom Holland's 1995 novel Attis. • Catullus appears in Steven Saylor's 1995 novel The Venus Throw as the embittered ex-lover of Clodia, sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, whom he calls Lesbia. • Both Catullus and Clodia appear as major characters in Thornton Wilder's 1948 epistolary novel The Ides of March. Several excerpts from Catullus's poems are included. ==See also==
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