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Cenchrus

Cenchrus is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family, native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Its species are native to many countries in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands.

Taxonomy
Pennisetum Pennisetum is a former genus that heavily overlaps with Cenchrus, and the boundary between them has been unclear. Cenchrus was derived from Pennisetum and the two are grouped in a monophyletic clade. A main morphological character that has been used to distinguish them is the degree of fusion of the bristles in the inflorescence, but this is often unreliable. In 2010, researchers proposed to transfer Pennisetum into Cenchrus, along with the related genus Odontelytrum. The genus is currently not accepted as separate from Cenchrus in Kew's Plants of the World Online database. ==Distribution==
Distribution
The various species are native to Africa, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, with some of them widely naturalized in Europe and North America, as well as on various oceanic islands. ==Description==
Description
They are annual or perennial grasses. Some are petite while others can produce stems up to 8 meters tall. The inflorescence is a very dense, narrow panicle containing fascicles of spikelets interspersed with bristles. There are three kinds of bristle, and some species have all three, while others do not. Some bristles are coated in hairs, sometimes long, showy, plumelike hairs that inspired the genus name, the Latin penna ("feather") and seta ("bristle"). ==Uses==
Uses
The genus includes pearl millet (P. glaucum), an important food crop. Napier grass (P. purpureum) is used for grazing livestock in Africa. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants, notably P. advena, P. alopecuroides, P. orientale, P. setaceum, and P. villosum. The cultivar 'Fairy Tails' is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/270958/i-Pennisetum-i-Fairy-Tails/Details ==Ecology==
Ecology
'' growing on a lava flow in Hawaii Many Pennisetum grasses are noxious weeds, including feathertop grass (P. villosum) and kikuyu grass (P. clandestinum), which is also a popular and hardy turf grass in some parts of the world. The herbage and seeds of these grasses are food for herbivores, such as the chestnut-breasted mannikin (Lonchura castaneothorax), the caterpillar of the butterfly Melanitis phedima, and the larvae of the fly genus Delia. The genus is a host of the pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus sativus. ==Species==
Species
'' '' '' '' 108 species are currently accepted. • Cenchrus abyssinicus (Hack.) Morrone – Ethiopia, Tanzania, Yemen, Limpopo, MpumalangaCenchrus agrimonioides Trin.kāmanomanoHawaiian IslandsCenchrus alopecuroidesCenchrus americanusCenchrus annuusCenchrus arnhemicus (F.Muell.) Morrone – Australia (Western Australia and Northern Territory) • Cenchrus articularisCenchrus basedowiiCenchrus beckeroidesCenchrus biflorus Roxb.kram-kram – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Madagascar • Cenchrus brevisetosus (B.K.Simon) B.K.Simon – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland) • Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult. – North America, South America, and West Indies • Cenchrus caferCenchrus caliculatus Cav. – Australia, New Zealand, and assorted islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans • Cenchrus caudatusCenchrus chilensisCenchrus ciliaris L. – buffelgrass – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Sicily; naturalized as a nutritious arid pasture lands in parts of North and South America, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various islands; considered noxious weed in some places • Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone • Cenchrus complanatusCenchrus × cupreusCenchrus distachyusCenchrus distichophyllus Griseb. – Cuba • Cenchrus divisusCenchrus domingensisCenchrus durusCenchrus echinatus L. – common sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies; naturalized in parts of Africa, southern Asia, and various islands • Cenchrus elegans (Hassk.) Veldkamp – Malesia • Cenchrus elymoides F.Muell. – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland) • Cenchrus exiguusCenchrus flaccidusCenchrus flexilisCenchrus foermerianusCenchrus geniculatusCenchrus glaucifoliusCenchrus gracilescensCenchrus gracillimus Nash – West Indies and southeastern USA • Cenchrus henryanusCenchrus hohenackeriCenchrus hordeoidesCenchrus intectusCenchrus lanatusCenchrus latifoliusCenchrus laxiusCenchrus ledermanniiCenchrus longisetusCenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. – mat sandbur – Canada, USA, and Mexico • Cenchrus longissimusCenchrus × longistylusCenchrus massaicusCenchrus mezianusCenchrus michoacanusCenchrus mitis Andersson – Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Mozambique • Cenchrus monostigmaCenchrus multiflorus J.Presl – Mexico, Central America • Cenchrus mutilatusCenchrus myosuroides Kunth – North America, South America, and West Indies • Cenchrus nanusCenchrus nervosusCenchrus nodiflorusCenchrus nubicusCenchrus occidentalisCenchrus orientalisCenchrus palmeri Vasey – Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Arizona • Cenchrus pennisetiformis Steud. – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Indian Subcontinent • Cenchrus peruvianusCenchrus petiolarisCenchrus pilcomayensisCenchrus pilosus Kunth – central Mexico to northern Chile • Cenchrus pirottaeCenchrus platyacanthus Andersson – GalápagosCenchrus prieurii (Kunth) Maire – Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and MyanmarCenchrus presliiCenchrus procerusCenchrus prolificusCenchrus pseudotriticoidesCenchrus pumilusCenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone – Africa and Oman • Cenchrus qianningensisCenchrus ramosusCenchrus rigidusCenchrus ripariusCenchrus robustus R.D.Webster – Queensland and New South Wales • Cenchrus rupestrisCenchrus sagittatusCenchrus schweinfurthiiCenchrus setosusCenchrus setaceus – tender fountain grass, crimson fountaingrass – northern Africa and southwestern Asia; naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, and scattered places in Europe and the Americas • Cenchrus setiger Vahl – Sahara, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, and Andaman and Nicobar IslandsCenchrus shaanxiensisCenchrus sichuanensisCenchrus sieberianusCenchrus somalensis Clayton – Somalia • Cenchrus sphacelatusCenchrus spinifex Cav. – coastal sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies • Cenchrus squamulatusCenchrus stramineusCenchrus tempisquensisCenchrus thuliniiCenchrus trachyphyllusCenchrus tribuloides L. – sanddune sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies • Cenchrus trisetusCenchrus tristachyusCenchrus uliginosusCenchrus unisetusCenchrus violaceusCenchrus weberbaueriCenchrus yemensis ; Formerly included Several species are now considered better suited to other genera: Anthephora, Centotheca, Dactyloctenium, Echinaria, Echinolaena, Hackelochloa, Hilaria, Pennisetum, Phragmites, Scleria, Setaria, Trachys, Tragus, Tribolium. File:Sand spur with centimeter scale.jpg|Sand spur in front of a centimeter scale File:Sandspurs 2.jpg|Sandspurs with 1mm markings ==See also==
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