record changer The record changer with a stepped centre spindle design was invented by Eric Waterworth of
Hobart, Australia, in 1925. He and his father took it to
Sydney, and arranged with a company called Home Recreations to fit it into its forthcoming phonograph, the Salonola. Although this novelty was demonstrated at the 1927
Sydney Royal Easter Show, Home Recreations went into liquidation and the Salonola was never marketed. Eric Waterworth built three prototypes of his invention, one of which was sold to Home Recreations as a model for its proposed Salonola record player as cited above, which is now reportedly in the collection of the
Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences in Sydney. The second prototype went to England with Eric and his father, and was sold as part of the deal with the Symphony Gramophone and Radio Company. The fate of this machine is unknown. The third prototype was never fully assembled, and lay in pieces under the Waterworths' house for something like sixty years. After Eric's death, the family found the disassembled parts of the machine and offered them to the Sound Preservation Association of Tasmania. The offer was accepted, and an enthusiastic member began the task of reassembling the prototype. Only a few small parts were found to be missing, and enough remained to finish assembling it and restoring it to a crude working condition. This prototype record changer is now on display at the Sound Preservation Association of Tasmania resource centre in the
Hobart suburb of
Bellerive. The first commercially successful record changer was the "Automatic Orthophonic" model by the
Victor Talking Machine Company, which was launched in the United States in 1927. On a conventional gramophone or
phonograph, the limited playing time of 78 rpm
gramophone records (averaging a little over four minutes per 12-inch side, and a little over three per 10-inch side) meant that listeners had to get up to change records at regular intervals. The Automatic Orthophonic allowed the listener to load a stack of several records into the machine, which would then be automatically played in sequence for a much longer uninterrupted listening time. By the late 1950s,
Garrard (of Britain) and
Dual (Germany) dominated the high-end record changer market in the United States. From the late 1950s through the late 1960s, VM Corporation (
Voice of Music) of
Benton Harbor, Michigan, US, dominated the lower-priced original equipment manufacturer (OEM) American record changer market. By the mid to late 1960s, a British company
BSR–MacDonald displaced VM as the world largest record-changer manufacturer and dominated the OEM changer market in the US as well. Garrard, in 1960, introduced a high fidelity record changer with a professional grade balanced tonearm and heavy cast non-magnetic platter, both features previously found only on manual turntables. To distinguish it by its superior performance, it was called an "automatic turntable." The name, and the improved performance, caught on and other manufacturers began producing automatic turntables with professional-grade features and performance. Most mid-priced consumer record players of the 1950s through the 1970s were equipped with changers, but they started to decline in popularity as
cassettes and
compact discs replaced vinyl records in the 1980s and 1990s. Record-stacking changers eventually became rarer due to the gradually growing belief that they contributed greatly to record wear and "warping," and were eventually superseded by manual turntables which served as separate parts of component systems or were integrated into compact systems that played one record at a time and were felt by some to save record wear by gentler treatment during play. ==Operation==