Chaoui people

According to de Slane, translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "shepherd" and designates the Zenata Berbers. == History ==

Historically, the Aurès Mountains served as a refuge for Berber peoples, forming a base of resistance against the Roman Empire, the Vandals, the Byzantine Empire and Arabs. , the burial of Numidias kings The patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been Madghacen, the common ancestor of the Zenata and of the Botri as well. Ibn Khaldun identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of Numidians and Gaetuli or the much more ancient Meshwesh, Maesulians and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the Middle Ages. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba. After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the Kabyle. == Language ==

The Chaoui traditionally speak the Shawiya language (Berber: Tachawit). It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, and is a variety of the Zenati languages. Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (Berber: Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including Batna, Khenchela, south Sétif, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, and the north part of Biskra. Recently the Shawiya language, together with the Kabyle language, has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in Algeria. == Genetics ==

Scientists have studied modern maternal haplogroups collected from 264 Algerian Chaoui Berbers, and found them to be linked to Southern Europe, Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. The times of coalescence for select European clades such as ~6,000 ybp for H1cb1, U3a1c, and U5b1b1e could be traced to the Neolithic. The other European origin lineages like H1e1a, were given a time of ~3000 ybp, as they were also found in the Canary Islands. Middle Eastern origin lineages like J2a2d were dated to ~9,000 ybp, and was said to represent potential pre-agricultural contact between the Near-East and North Africa. While others like T1a7 was associated with Bedouin expansions into the Maghreb from 1,000 ybp. Sub-Saharan lineages like L3e5, L3b1a9a were dated to ~ 10,000-5000 ybp, and may be from trans-Saharan migration during the Green Sahara period with a prehistoric origin. However, the great majority of sub-Saharan sequences in North Africa do not form phylogenetic clades, and most sub-Saharan African mitogenomes have a recent arrival into the region during trans-Saharan slave trades. == Culture and art ==

Chaoui music is a specific style of Berber music. The Shawia dance is called Rahaba; men and women dancing at weddings. There are many 20th century singers, such as Aïssa Djermouni, Ali Khencheli, Massinissa, Ishem Boumaraf, Djamel Sabri, Groupe Iwal, Houria Aïchi, etc. Chaoui painters and sculptors (of whom there are many) include Cherif Merzouki, Abdelkhader Houamel, Hassane Amraoui, Adel Abdessemed, and Mohamed Demagh. The fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Aurès performed during cultural festivals. The Chaoui were featured in Amor Hakkar's 2008 film La Maison jaune. == References ==