Ignatius Sancho

Charles Ignatius Sancho was born on a slave ship crossing the Atlantic Ocean, in what was known as the Middle Passage. His mother died not long after arriving in the Spanish colony of New Granada, which formed parts of modern-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. He was baptised and named by the Catholic bishop of the colony. His father reportedly took his own life rather than live as a slave. Sancho's owner took him, then barely two years old, to England and gave him to three unmarried sisters living together in Greenwich, where he lived from 1731 to 1749. The sisters gave him the surname Sancho as they believed he resembled Don Quixote's squire. The Duke of Montagu, a frequent visitor to the sisters, was impressed by Sancho's intellect, frankness, and amiability. He encouraged Sancho to read and lent him books from his personal library at Blackheath. == Life in Britain ==

Sancho's informal education made his lack of freedom at Greenwich unbearable, and he ran away to Montagu House, Blackheath in 1749. For two years until her death in 1751, Sancho worked as a butler for the Duchess of Montagu at her residence, where he immersed himself in music, poetry, reading, and writing. Marriage On 17 December 1758 he married a West Indian woman, Anne Osborne (1733-1817), becoming a devoted husband and father. They had seven children: Frances Joanna (1761-1815), Ann Alice (1763-1805), Elizabeth Bruce (1766-1837), Jonathan William (1768-1770), Lydia (1771-1776), Katherine Margaret (1773-1779), and William Leach Osborne (1775-1810). In 1768, the British artist Thomas Gainsborough painted a portrait of Sancho at the same time as the Duchess of Montagu sat for her portrait by him. encouraging the famous writer to lobby for the abolition of the slave trade: "That subject, handled in your striking manner, would ease the yoke (perhaps) of many – but if only of one – Gracious God! – what a feast to a benevolent heart!" The Portrait of a Man in a Red Suit (oil on canvas 61.8 x 51.5 cm, c. 1757–59; in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, Devon) was thought to be Sancho (although it was also previously thought to be of Olaudah Equiano) and was attributed to Allan Ramsay (1713–1784). A full account of the attribution to Ramsay and identification of Sancho is contained in the article "The Lost African" published in Apollo magazine, August 2006. However both the sitter and artist have since been disputed. Sterne received Sancho's letter in July 1766 shortly after he had finished writing a conversation between his fictional characters Corporal Trim and his brother Tom in Tristram Shandy, wherein Tom described the mistreatment of an African servant in a sausage shop in Lisbon he had visited. == Shopkeeper ==

In 1774, with help from Montagu, Sancho, suffering from ill health with gout, opened a grocery shop, offering merchandise such as tobacco, sugar and tea, at 19 Charles Street in Westminster. These were goods then mostly produced by slaves in the West Indies. As a shopkeeper Sancho enjoyed more time to socialise, correspond with his many friends, share his enjoyment of literature, and his shop had many visitors. He wrote and published a Theory of Music, though no copy is extant. In addition, he wrote two plays. At this time he also wrote letters and articles for newspapers, under his own name and under the pseudonym "Africanus". Among his acquaintances were figures such as Thomas Gainsborough, the Shakespearean actor David Garrick, violin virtuoso Felice Giardini, the preacher William Dodd, As a property owner, regardless of his ethnicity, he had the right to vote for Members of Parliament. He voted for the Westminster constituency in the 1774 general election and the 1780 general election. Voting was not secret at the time, and it was recorded that he voted for Hugh Percy and Thomas Pelham-Clinton in 1774, and for George Brydges Rodney and Charles James Fox in 1780. == Death ==

Ignatius Sancho died from the effects of gout on 14 December 1780 and was buried on 17 December in the burial area of St Margaret's, Westminster (now the site of Christchurch Gardens, Victoria Street, London). There is no memorial marker at the church, as the grave stones (which lie flat) in the churchyard were covered over with grass in 1880 and no inscription was found for him when a record was made of the existing epitaphs. He was the first person of African descent known to be given an obituary in the British press. ==Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho==

While his correspondence often included domestic issues, it also commented on the political and literary life in 18th-century Britain. He wrote: In 1782 Frances Crewe, a correspondent of Sancho's, arranged for 160 of his letters to be published in the form of two volumes entitled The Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, an African. The book sold very well, with more than 2,000 subscribing to it. His widow received in royalties more than £500, . Joseph Jekyll provided a memoir of Sancho for the first edition, and four more editions were issued by 1803. Sancho's son, William Leach Osborne Sancho, inherited the shop on Charles Street and transformed it into a printing and book-selling business. In 1803 at this shop he printed a fifth edition of Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho with Memoirs of His Life by Joseph Jekyll, In a letter Sancho sent on 1 April 1779 to William Stevenson he wrote: "I am Sir an Affrican – with two ffs – if you please – & proud am I to be of a country that knows no politicians – nor lawyers – [...] –nor thieves of any denomination save Natural...." Sancho was unusually blunt in his response to a letter from Jack Wingrave, John Wingrave's son. Jack wrote about his negative reaction to people of colour based on his own experience in India during the 1770s. Sancho's response was: I am sorry to observe that the practice of your country (which as a resident I love – and for its freedom – and for the many blessings I enjoy in it – shall ever have my warmest wishes, prayers and blessings); I say it is with reluctance, that I must observe your country's conduct has been uniformly wicked in the East – West-Indies – and even on the coast of Guinea. The grand object of English navigators – indeed of all Christian navigators – is money – money – money – for which I do not pretend to blame them – Commerce was meant by the goodness of the Deity to diffuse the various goods of the earth into every part – to unite mankind in the blessed chains of brotherly love – society – and mutual dependence: the enlightened Christian should diffuse the riches of the Gospel of peace – with the commodities of his respective land – Commerce attended with strict honesty – and with Religion for its companion – would be a blessing to every shore it touched at. In Africa, the poor wretched natives blessed with the most fertile and luxuriant soil – are rendered so much the more miserable for what Providence meant as a blessing: the Christians' abominable traffic for slaves and the horrid cruelty and treachery of the petty Kings encouraged by their Christian customers who carry them strong liquors to enflame their national madness – and powder – and bad fire-arms – to furnish them with the hellish means of killing and kidnapping. ==Legacy==

, London , London marking the location of Sancho's grocery store • A plaque to the memory of Sancho was unveiled on 15 June 2007, by Nick Raynsford, MP for Greenwich, on the remaining wall of Montagu House on the south-west boundary of Greenwich Park. The plaque was funded by the Friends of Greenwich Park to commemorate the bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, made law in 1807. A second plaque to his memory is on the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Also in Greenwich Park, on 13 March 2024, a refurbished building was opened as the Ignatius Sancho Café. • When the City of Westminster commemorated the bicentenary by creating a walking tour of Westminster highlighting events and individuals involved in the campaign to abolish the slave trade, they included 19 Charles Street. This was a collaboration with historian S. I. Martin, the National Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery, London, the Palace of Westminster, Tate Britain, Westminster City Archives, and Westminster City Council. • Sancho named as one of the "100 Great Black Britons". • In 2015, a play based on the life of Sancho, entitled Sancho: An Act of Remembrance and written and performed by Paterson Joseph, was staged at Oxford and Birmingham, and at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York. From 4 to 16 June 2018 the play had its London premiere at Wilton's Music Hall. • On 1 October 2020, during British Black History Month, Google honoured Sancho with a Doodle. • Paterson Joseph's 2022 novel The Secret Diaries of Charles Ignatius Sancho won the Royal Society of Literature's Christopher Bland Prize. • Ignatius Sancho appears as a main character in the graphic novel La pièce manquante ("The Missing Play", 2023) by . As actress Peg Woffington's close friend and manager, Sancho interests her in William Shakespeare's missing play The History of Cardenio, purportedly based on an episode of Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, then joins her in a quest to find it. The scenes highlight the coincidence between Sancho's last name and Don Quixote's squire's. • On 19 December 2023 a stone memorial was unveiled at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, where Ignatius and Ann Sancho were married in 1758. ==See also==