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Chemical test

In chemistry, a chemical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure designed to identify, quantify, or characterise a chemical compound or chemical group.

Purposes
Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as to: • Determine if, or verify that, the requirements of a specification, regulation, or contract are met • Decide if a new product development program is on track: Demonstrate proof of concept • Demonstrate the utility of a proposed patent • Determine the interactions of a sample with other known substances • Determine the composition of a sample • Provide standard data for other scientific, medical, and Quality assurance functions • Validate suitability for end-use • Provide a basis for Technical communication • Provide a technical means of comparison of several options • Provide evidence in legal proceedings ==Biochemical tests==
Biochemical tests
Clinistrips quantitatively test for sugar in urine • The Kastle-Meyer test tests for the presence of hemoglobinSalicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetylsalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes. • The Phadebas test tests for the presence of saliva for forensic purposes • Iodine solution tests for starch • The Van Slyke determination tests for specific amino acids • The Zimmermann test tests for ketosteroids • Seliwanoff's test differentiates between aldose and ketose sugars • Test for lipids: add ethanol to sample, then shake; add water to the solution, and shake again. If fat is present, the product turns milky white. • The Sakaguchi test detects the presence of arginine in protein • The Hopkins–Cole reaction tests for the presence of tryptophan in proteins • The nitroprusside reaction tests for the presence of free thiol groups of cysteine in proteins • The Sullivan reaction tests for the presence of cysteine and cystine in proteins • The Acree–Rosenheim reaction tests for the presence of tryptophan in proteins • The Pauly reaction tests for the presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins • Heller's test tests for the presence of albumin in urineGmelin's test tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine • Hay's test tests for the presence of bile pigments in urine Reducing sugarsBarfoed's test tests for reducing polysacchorides or disaccharides • Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes • Fehling's solution tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent • Molisch's test tests for carbohydrates • Nylander's test tests for reducing sugars • Rapid furfural test distinguishes between glucose and fructose Proteins and polypeptides • The bicinchoninic acid assay tests for proteins • The Biuret test tests for proteins and polypeptides • Bradford protein assay measures protein quantitatively • The Phadebas amylase test determines alpha-amylase activity ==Organic tests==
Organic tests
• The carbylamine reaction tests for primary amines • The esterification reaction tests for the presence of alcohol and/or carboxylic acids • The Griess test tests for organic nitrite compounds • The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine tests for carbonyl compounds • The iodoform reaction tests for the presence of methyl ketones, or compounds which can be oxidized to methyl ketones • The Schiff test detects aldehydes • Tollens' reagent tests for aldehydes (known as the silver mirror test) • The Zeisel determination tests for the presence of esters or ethers • Lucas' reagent is used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. • The bromine test is used to test for the presence of unsaturation and phenols. ==Inorganic tests==
Inorganic tests
Barium chloride tests for sulfates • Acidified silver nitrate solution tests for halide ions • The Beilstein test tests for halides qualitatively • The bead test tests for certain metals • The Carius halogen method measures halides quantitatively. • Chemical tests for cyanide test for the presence of cyanide, CN− • Copper sulfate tests for the presence of water • Flame tests test for metals • The Gilman test tests for the presence of a Grignard reagent • The Kjeldahl method quantitatively determines the presence of nitrogenNessler's reagent tests for the presence of ammoniaNinhydrin tests for ammonia or primary amines • Phosphate tests test for phosphate • The sodium fusion test tests for the presence of nitrogen, sulfur, and halides in a sample • The Zerewitinoff determination tests for any acidic hydrogen • The Oddy test tests for acid, aldehydes, and sulfides • Gunzberg's test tests for the presence of hydrochloric acidKelling's test tests for the presence of lactic acid ==See also==
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