Cobble (geology)

Cobbles, also called cobblestones, derive their name from the word cob, meaning a rounded lump. The term is further related to the German '', meaning head. Chester Wentworth referred to cobbles as cobble bowlders'' in his 1922 paper that would become the basis for the Udden–Wentworth scale. ==Classifications==

Within the widely used Krumbein phi scale of grain sizes, cobbles are defined as clasts of rock ranging from −6 to −8 φ. This classification corresponds with the Udden–Wentworth size scale which defines cobbles as clasts with diameters from . On this scale, cobbles are larger than pebbles which measure in diameter and smaller than boulders, whose diameters range from . On the Udden–Wentworth scale, an unlithified fraction of cobbles is classified as gravel while a lithified sample primarily composed of cobbles is a conglomerate. Various attempts have been made to refine the Udden–Wentworth scale, including its definition of cobbles. A 1999 paper by Terence C. Blair and John G. McPherson argued that the Udden–Wentworth and Krumbein scales betrayed a historical emphasis on the study of sand grains while ignoring larger gravel grains. They proposed defining fine cobbles as those with diameters from (−6 to −7 φ) and coarse cobbles as those with diameters from (−7 to −8 φ). In 2012, Simon J. Blott and Kenneth Pye suggested that the cobble designation be eliminated altogether, replaced by very small boulder and small boulder designations equivalent in size to Blair and McPherson's fine and coarse cobbles, respectively. ==Settings==

When occurring in streams, cobbles are likely to be found in mountain valley streambeds that are moderately steep. Cobbles are also transported by glaciers and deposited as with other grades of sediment as till. If the till is water-laid, finer particles like sand and pebbles may be entirely washed away, leaving a deposit of only boulders and cobbles. The term shingle beach refers to a beach covered with small- to medium-sized cobbles or pebbles (as opposed to fine sand). Glacially transported cobbles tend to share several identifying features including a tabular shape and downward diagonal striations on lateral facets. Cobble conglomerates may be alluvial in origin or the product of "stone avalanches", a type of debris flow resulting from unconsolidated cobbles and gravel. In such stone avalanches, well-rounded cobbles may travel the farthest on account of their low rolling friction. When the product of alluvial processes, the cobble conglomerate's matrix consists of gravel and coarse sand. In contrast, the matrices of flow-deposited conglomerates are primarily mud. ==References==