Cocos Malay

give way sign used on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, in both English and Cocos Malay. It differs from the give way signs used in Malaysia. The first Cocos Malays were slaves brought to the then uninhabited Cocos (Keeling) Islands in 1826 by Alexander Hare and John Clunies-Ross. Most Malay slaves were mainly obtained in Malacca and in Banjarmasin, but they originally came from all over Indonesia, and the language that they spoke among each other was a form of Malay. Given that Malay was the lingua franca or trade language throughout Maritime Southeast Asia at the time, it is likely that the slaves spoke some form of pidgin Malay. Between 1857 and 1910 the Clunies-Ross family also brought in a large number of Javanese labourers from Banten, Central Java, and Madura. The Java Islanders labourers were called "Bantamese" to distinguish them from the Malays who had previously inhabited the island. Nowadays, the native language spoken by their ancestors has largely been lost in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, although some words have entered the Cocos Malay. Over time, Cocos Malay appears to be very vulnerable considering that the number of Cocos Malay speakers is only around 500 people. In the 1950s, due to economic difficulties, many Cocos Malay-speaking people emigrated to Christmas Island and Sabah, Malaysia. Emigration continued in the 1970s, when Cocos Islanders began migrating to the Australian mainland, with one-way tickets (in accordance with Clunies-Ross's policy at the time that they were free to go but not free to return). Due to ongoing migration, the Cocos Malay speakers reside in cities across Western Australia, including Perth, Katanning, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, and Port Hedland. However, the ban on the use of Cocos Malay did not last long and was finally able to be used normally again in 2011. ==Characteristics==

It has the following characteristics: • Javanese influence: 'shark', 'papaya', 'shoulderblade' etc. • Hokkien-derived first-person and second-person singular and . • Causative marker . • Progressive particle . • Possessive marker . • The third person indefinite form derived from 'person' Cocos Malay exhibits lexical items and Dutch loanwords that are common in Indonesian and Betawi (Jakartan Malay) but rarely used in Malay. Therefore, Cocos Malay is considered to be a Malay-derived creole derived from Betawi, although Cocos Malay does not have strucutual features in common with Betawi as -a change to -è and transitive suffix -in. == Vocabulary ==

Cocos Malay has strong influences from three languages: Malay, Javanese, and Betawi. Some examples of words in Cocos Malay include: • cucut (from ) • kates (from ) • walikat (from ) • ong (from , used as an indefinite third-person pronoun: its usage is similar to that in Betawi language, Javanese language, and Indonesian language. • gua (from Betawi language, used as a first-person pronoun) • lu (from Betawi language, used as a second-person pronoun) • kasi (from Betawi language, meaning 'give', used as a causative verb) • melendot (from Betawi language, meaning 'to cling'; to continuously hold onto someone) • ledes (from Betawi language, meaning 'abrasion' or 'scrape') • pulas (from Betawi language, meaning 'deep sleep') • ngaco (from Betawi language, meaning 'nonsense' or 'random talk') • sore (a word found in both Javanese and Betawi) • kuping (a word found in both Javanese and Betawi) • capek (a word found in both Javanese and Betawi) • gampang (a word found in both Javanese and Betawi) • ada* (from Malay, used as a progressive particle) • punya* (from Malay, used as a possessive verb) • siang* (from Malay) • kamu (from Malay) • saya* (from Malay) • mengapa (from Malay) • malam* (from Malay) • pagi* (from Malay) • di mana* (from Malay) • ke mana* (from Malay) • siapa* (from Malay) • bagaimana (from Malay) • tidak (from Malay) • orang* (from Malay) • hilang* (from Malay) • hendak (from Malay) • mau* (from Malay) Note: "*" indicates words that exist in both Malay and Betawi. ==Phonology==

Vowels Consonants There are three ways in which Cocos Malay differs from Standard Malay and Indonesian: • The uvular [ʁ] which always occurs intervocalically is present in Coco Malay but not in Standard Malay or Indonesian. • Certain consonants, [f v ʃ z], which occur in Standard Malay are not present in Cocos Malay. • With regard to the [h] amongst the three languages, the [h] in Cocos Malay is often dropped, especially in word-initial position. Examples include: :: ==Sample text==

Cocos Malay: Spoken Suburban Betawi (Ora Batavian): English: == Notes ==