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Chevalière d'Éon

Charlotte d'Éon de Beaumont, usually known as the Chevalière d'Éon or the Chevalier d'Éon, was a French diplomat, spy, and soldier. D'Éon fought in the Seven Years' War, and spied for France while in Russia and England. Assigned male at birth, D'Éon had androgynous physical characteristics and natural abilities as a mimic and spy. She appeared publicly as a man and pursued masculine occupations for the first half of her life, except for when she successfully infiltrated the court of Empress Elizabeth of Russia by presenting as a woman. Starting in 1777, d'Éon lived as a woman and was officially recognised as such by King Louis XVI.

Early life, family, and education
D'Éon was born Charles d'Éon de Beaumont at the Hôtel d'Uzès in Tonnerre, Burgundy, into a poor French noble family. Her father, Louis d'Éon de Beaumont, was an attorney and director of the king's dominions, then later mayor of Tonnerre and sub-delegate of the of the of Paris. Her mother, Françoise de Charanton, was the daughter of a Commissioner General to the armies of the wars of Spain and Italy. Most of what is known about d'Éon's early life comes from ''The Interests of the Chevalier d'Éon de Beaumont'', a partly ghost-written autobiography, and from Bram Stoker's essay in his 1910 book Famous Impostors. D'Éon excelled in school, moving from Tonnerre to Paris in 1743. She graduated in civil and canon law from the Collège Mazarin in 1749 at the age of 21. ==Career==
Career
D'Éon began literary work as a contributor to Élie Catherine Fréron's , and attracted notice as a political writer through two works on financial and administrative questions, published in 1753. She became secretary to Bertier de Sauvigny, intendant of Paris, served as a secretary to the administrator of the fiscal department, and was appointed a royal censor for history and literature by Malesherbes in 1758. ==Life as a spy==
Life as a spy
In 1756, d'Éon joined the secret network of spies called the ('King's Secret'), employed by King Louis XV without the knowledge of the government. It sometimes promoted policies that were contrary to official policies and treaties. According to her memoirs, the monarch sent d'Éon with the Chevalier Douglas, Alexander Peter Mackenzie Douglas, Baron of Kildin, a Scottish Jacobite in French service, on a secret mission to Russia in order to meet Empress Elizabeth and conspire with the pro-French faction against the Habsburg monarchy. This is not confirmed by any contemporary sources. At that time the English and French were at odds, and the English were attempting to deny the French access to the Empress by allowing only women and children to cross the border into Russia. D'Éon later claimed that she had to pass convincingly as a woman or risk being executed by the English upon discovery, and therefore travelled disguised as the lady Lia de Beaumont, serving as a maid of honour to the Empress. However, there is little or no evidence to support this and it is now commonly accepted to be a story told to demonstrate how d'Éon's identification as female had been of benefit to France in the past. D'Éon returned to France in October 1760, and was granted a pension of 2,000 livres as a reward for her service in Russia. In May 1761, d'Éon became a captain of dragoons under Marshal de Broglie and fought in the later stages of the Seven Years' War. She served at the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761, and was wounded at Ultrop. After Empress Elizabeth died in January 1762, d'Éon was considered for further service in Russia, but she instead was appointed secretary to the Duke of Nevers, awarded 1,000 livres, and sent to London to draft the peace treaty that formally ended the Seven Years' War. The treaty was signed in Paris on 10 February 1763, and d'Éon was awarded a further 6,000 livres. She received the Order of Saint-Louis on 30 March 1763, becoming the Chevalier d'Éon. This breach of diplomatic discretion was scandalous to the point of being unheard of, but d'Éon had not yet published everything (the King's secret invasion documents and those relative to the were kept back as "insurance"), so the French government became cautious in its dealings with her, even when she sued Guerchy for attempted murder. D'Éon did not offer any defence when Guerchy countersued for libel. She was declared an outlaw and went into hiding. However, d'Éon secured the sympathy of the British public: the mob jeered Guerchy, and threw stones at his residence. D'Éon then wrote a book on public administration, , which she published in thirteen volumes in Amsterdam in 1774. Guerchy was recalled to France, and in July 1766 Louis XV granted d'Éon a pension (possibly a pay-off for d'Éon's silence) and a 12,000-livre annuity, but refused a demand for over 100,000 livres to clear d'Éon's extensive debts. D'Éon continued to work as a spy, but lived in political exile in London. D'Éon's possession of the king's secret letters provided protection against further actions, but d'Éon could not return to France in safety. ==Later life==
Later life
Despite the fact that d'Éon habitually wore a dragoon's uniform, rumours circulated in London that d'Éon was actually a woman. A betting pool was started on the London Stock Exchange about d'Éon's true gender. She was invited to join, but declined, saying that an examination would be dishonouring, whatever the result. After a year without progress, the wager was abandoned. Following the death of Louis XV in 1774, the was abolished, and d'Éon tried to negotiate a return from exile. The writer Pierre de Beaumarchais represented the French government in the negotiations. The resulting twenty-page treaty permitted d'Éon to return to France and retain the ministerial pension, but required that d'Éon turn over the correspondence regarding the . When France began to help the rebels during the American War of Independence, d'Éon asked to join the French troops in America, but d'Éon's banishment prevented it. D'Éon's body was buried in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church, and her remaining possessions were sold by Christie's in 1813. D'Éon's grave is listed on the Burdett-Coutts Memorial there as one of the important graves lost. ==Legacy==
Legacy
A presentation sword belonging to d'Éon and gifted by its owner to George Keate in 1777 is on display at the Royal Armouries in Leeds. The blade is inscribed in French: 'Donne par la Chevalïere d’Eon à son ancïen Ami Geo: Keate Esquïre. 1777'. Some of d'Éon's papers are at the Brotherton Library at the University of Leeds, including a number of letters from Keate. Many modern scholars have interpreted d'Éon as transgender. Havelock Ellis coined the term eonism to describe similar cases of transgender behaviour, but the term is rarely used now. In 2012, a 1792 painting (shown above) by Thomas Stewart was identified as a portrait of d'Éon, and was purchased by the National Portrait Gallery, London. The Burdett-Coutts Memorial at St Pancras Gardens in London commemorates d'Éon as well as other people; in 2016 Historic England upgraded it to a Grade II* listed structure. Cultural depictions The Chevalier d'Éon has appeared as a character in numerous fictional works and music. • ''The Chevalière d'Eon'', by Charles Dupeuty and the Baron de Maldigny (1837), Théâtre du Vaudeville • ''The Chevalier d'Eon'', a comedy in three acts by Dumanoir and Jean-François Bayard (1837), Théâtre des Variétés • , an in four acts by , libretto by Armand Silvestre and Henri Cain (1908), Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin; Anne Dancrey created the title role • Spy of Madame Pompadour (1928), film • (1959), a film loosely based on the life of the Chevalier that portrays d'Éon as a woman masquerading as a man • By Plume and Sword (), a novel by the Soviet writer Valentin Pikul, written in 1963 and first published in 1972, based on d'Éon's career in Russia • (2006), an anime series loosely based on the Chevalier d'Éon == Notes ==
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