Foundation On 15 May 1992, six post-Soviet states belonging to the
Commonwealth of Independent States — Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan—signed the Collective Security Treaty (also referred to as the Tashkent Pact or Tashkent Treaty). Three other post-Soviet states—Azerbaijan, Belarus, and Georgia—acceded in 1993, and the treaty took effect in 1994. The CST was set to last for 5 years unless extended. On 2 April 1999, six of the nine—all but Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan—agreed to renew the treaty for five more years. At the same time, Uzbekistan joined the
GUAM group, established in 1997 by Georgia,
Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and
Moldova, and largely seen as intending to counter Russian influence in the region. The CSTO was founded in 2002 when the six member states agreed to create the
Collective Security Treaty Organization as a military alliance. As an attempt to develop a successor alliance to the
Warsaw Pact, the CSTO is comparatively weak.
2003 to 2012 In 2004, the CSTO was granted Observer status in the UN General Assembly. During 2005, the CSTO partners conducted some common
military exercises. leaders in 2006 Uzbekistan withdrew from GUAM in 2005 and joined the CSTO in 2006 as a full member, and its membership was later ratified by the Uzbek parliament on 28 March 2008. In October 2007, the CSTO signed an agreement with the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), in the Tajik capital of
Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking. On 6 October 2007, CSTO members agreed to a major expansion of the organization that would create a CSTO peacekeeping force that could deploy under a
U.N. mandate or without one in its member states. The expansion would also allow all members to purchase Russian weapons at the same price as Russia. On 29 August 2008, Russia announced it would seek CSTO recognition of the independence of
Abkhazia and
South Ossetia. Three days earlier, on 26 August, Russia recognized the independence of Georgia's breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In 2009, Belarus boycotted the CSTO summit due to its
Milk War with Russia. After refusing to attend a CSTO summit in 2009, Lukashenko said: "Why should my men fight in Kazakhstan? Mothers would ask me why I sent their sons to fight so far from Belarus. For what? For a unified energy market? That is not what lives depend on. No!" After
Kurmanbek Bakiyev was ousted from office as
President of Kyrgyzstan as a result of
riots in
Kyrgyzstan in April 2010, he was granted asylum in
Belarus. Belarusian President
Alexander Lukashenko expressed doubt about the future of the CSTO for failing to prevent Bakiyev's overthrow, stating: "What sort of organization is this one, if there is bloodshed in one of our member states and an anticonstitutional coup d'état takes place, and this body keeps silent?" Lukashenko had previously accused
Russia of punishing
Belarus with economic sanctions after Lukashenko refused to recognize the independence of
Abkhazia and
South Ossetia, stating: "The economy serves as the basis for our common security. But if Belarus's closest CSTO ally is trying ... to destroy this basis and de facto put the Belarusians on their knees, how can one talk about consolidating collective security in the CSTO space?" During a trip to
Ukraine to extend Russia's lease of the Crimean port
Sevastopol in return for discounted
natural gas supplies, Russian President
Dmitry Medvedev was asked about whether
Belarus could expect a similar deal and responded: "Real partnership is one thing and a declaration of intentions is another; reaching agreement on working seriously, meeting each other halfway, helping each other is one thing and making decisions about granting permanent residence to people who have lost their job is another." The Belarusian President defended himself against this criticism by citing former Russian President
Vladimir Putin's invitation of
Askar Akayev to Russia after he was ousted as
President of Kyrgyzstan during the 2005
Tulip Revolution. The following month, President Medvedev ordered the CEO of Russia's natural gas monopoly
Gazprom to cut gas supplies to Belarus in a dispute over outstanding debts. Subsequently, the Russian television channel
NTV, run by
Gazprom, aired a documentary film which compared Lukashenko to Bakiyev. Then the Russian President's foreign policy adviser
Sergei Prikhodko threatened to publish the transcript of a CSTO meeting where Lukashenko said that his administration would recognize Abkhazian and South Ossetian independence. In June 2010,
ethnic clashes broke out between ethnic
Kyrgyz and
Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan, leading interim Kyrgyz President
Roza Otunbayeva to request the assistance of Russian troops to quell the disturbances.
Kurmanbek Bakiyev denied charges that his supporters were behind the ethnic conflict and called on the CSTO to intervene.
Askar Akayev also called for the CSTO to send troops, saying: "Our priority task right now should be to extinguish this flame of enmity. We will likely need CSTO peacekeepers to do that." The organization was considered by some a "
paper tiger" since it failed to intervene. Russian President
Dmitry Medvedev said that "only in the case of a foreign intrusion and an attempt to externally seize power can we state that there is an attack against the CSTO", and that, "all the problems of Kyrgyzstan have internal roots", while
CSTO Secretary General Nikolai Bordyuzha called the violence "purely a domestic affair". Later, however, Bordyuzha admitted that the CSTO response may have been inadequate and claimed that "foreign mercenaries" provoked the
Kyrgyz violence against ethnic
Uzbek minorities. On 21 July 2010, interim Kyrgyz President
Roza Otunbayeva called for the introduction of CSTO police units to southern
Kyrgyzstan, saying: "I think it's important to introduce CSTO police forces there, since we're unable to guarantee people's rights on our own." She also added: "I'm not seeking the CSTO's embrace and I don't feel like bringing them here to stay, but the bloodletting there will continue otherwise." Only weeks later, the deputy chairman of Otubayeva's interim
Kyrgyz government complained that their appeals for help from the CSTO had been ignored. The CSTO was unable to agree on providing military assistance to
Kyrgyzstan at a meeting in
Yerevan,
Armenia, which was attended by
Roza Otunbayeva as well as
Alexander Lukashenko. , Kazakhstan, 8 November 2018 On 10 December 2010, the member states approved a declaration establishing a CSTO peacekeeping force and a declaration of the CSTO member states, in addition to signing a package of joint documents. Since 21 December 2011, the Treaty parties can veto the establishment of new foreign military bases in the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). In December 2012, the CSTO Collective Security Council decided to suspend Uzbekistan.
2013 to 2022 In August 2014, 3,000 soldiers from the members of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan participated in psychological and
cyber warfare exercises in Kazakhstan under war games managed by CSTO. On 19 March 2015, the
CSTO Secretary General Nikolai Bordyuzha offered to send a
peacekeeping mission to
Donbas, Ukraine. "The CSTO has a peacekeeping capacity. Our peacekeepers continuously undergo corresponding training. If such a decision is taken by the United Nations, we stand ready to provide peacekeeping units". In July 2021, CSTO Secretary-General
Stanislav Zas was criticized by Armenian politicians for calling
an incursion by Azerbaijani forces onto Armenian territory a "border incident", where the CSTO remained inactive during the conflict. In July 2021, Tajikistan appealed to members of CSTO for help in dealing with security challenges emerging from neighboring
Afghanistan. Thousands of Afghans, including police and government troops, fled to Tajikistan after
Taliban insurgents
took control of many parts of Afghanistan. On 5 January 2022, CSTO peacekeepers were announced to be deployed to Kazakhstan in response to
anti-government unrest in the country. On 11 January the same year, CSTO forces began their withdrawal from Kazakhstan. Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, there has been no CSTO involvement or official participation of other CSTO members in the conflict, apart from
Belarus, which agreed to house Russian troops, which then attacked Ukraine from across its border. Following the
2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, the border between Ukraine and Belarus was cleared of Russian forces.
2023 to present Relations between
Russia and
Kazakhstan have deteriorated since the start of
Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The latter has refused to recognise the
Donetsk and the
Luhansk People's Republics. After the start of
renewed fighting between Armenia and former member Azerbaijan on 13 September 2022, Armenia triggered Article 4 of the treaty, and a CSTO mission including CSTO Secretary General
Stanislav Zas and
Anatoly Sidorov was sent to monitor the situation along the border.
Similar events also took place near the
Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border throughout 2022. After the CSTO mission took a rather uncommitted position in the conflict, criticism towards CSTO membership inside Armenian political circles increased, with the secretary of the
Security Council of Armenia,
Armen Grigoryan, even stating that he saw no more hope for the CSTO. The lack of Russian support during the conflict prompted a national debate in Armenia, as an increasing percentage of the population indicated doubt as to whether it is beneficial to continue CSTO membership, calling for
realignment of the state with NATO instead. This coincided with a visit from
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi to Yerevan on 17 September 2022, largely seen as an effort to reorient the security alliance structure of Armenia. To discuss the results of the CSTO mission sent on 15 September 2022, an extraordinary session of the CSTO was held via videoconference on 28 October 2022. With the leaders of all member states and
CSTO Secretary General Stanislav Zas in attendance, the meeting was chaired by Armenian Prime Minister
Nikol Pashinyan, who concurred with the report presented by the Secretary General while also reiterating the importance for a clear political assessment of Azerbaijani aggression and a roadmap for the restoration of Armenian territorial integrity. A regular Collective Security Council meeting took place on 23 November 2022, with the leaders of all CSTO members present to discuss matters of international and regional security. After Pashinyan refused to sign the joint declaration because it did not "reach a decision on a CSTO response to Azerbaijan's aggression against Armenia", speculation arose regarding the continuation of the CSTO. Secretary General Stanislas Zas indicated that, though numerous measures in the diplomatic as well as military spheres were generally agreed upon, no consensus regarding the situation on the border could be reached. On the occasion of the meeting and in the midst of the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Belarusian President
Alexander Lukashenko stated that many in their countries had started to discuss the possibility that the CSTO may cease to exist if Russia loses its war in Ukraine. He later expanded on his opinion on the matter, stating that the CSTO will continue and nobody will fall, if there is unity. Meanwhile, during the meeting in
Yerevan, large groups of protestors gathered and called for the withdrawal of Armenia from the CSTO and for the country to develop closer relations with the United States and the West. Economic dependencies between the member states have also increased since the start of the invasion and would dissuade the alliance from splitting up. In response,
Dmitry Peskov, the Press Secretary of the President of Russia, stated that Armenia remains a very close ally and promised to continue the dialogue. To mend their ties,
Sergey Lavrov offered the deployment of a CSTO mission along the Armenia-Azerbaijan border on 2 February 2023 within one or two days, "if our Armenian allies, friends are still interested in it like before". In May 2023, after
the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan escalated, the
Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said that Armenia could consider withdrawing from the treaty due to the lack of support from Russia in the conflict. In an interview with CNN broadcast on 1 June 2023, Pashinyan stated that "Armenia is not an ally of Russia in the war in Ukraine". On 3 September 2023, during an interview, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that it was a strategic mistake for Armenia to solely rely on Russia to guarantee its security. Pashinyan stated, "Moscow has been unable to deliver and is in the process of winding down its role in the wider South Caucasus region," and "the Russian Federation cannot meet Armenia's security needs. This example should demonstrate to us that dependence on just one partner in security matters is a strategic mistake." Pashinyan accused Russian peacekeepers deployed to uphold the
ceasefire deal of failing to do their job. Pashinyan confirmed that Armenia was trying to diversify its security arrangements, most notably with the European Union and the United States. During the September
2023 Armenian protests that began following the
2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, demonstrators surrounded the
Russian embassy in Yerevan, criticizing Russia's refusal to intervene in the offensive. Some protesters called for the rejection of the
Alma-Ata Protocol, and Armenia's withdrawal from the CSTO. Armenia declined participating in military exercises at the CIS summit in Kyrgyzstan in October 2023 and asked for
Russian peacekeeping forces to return to Russia. The Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, went further in late October saying he saw "no advantage" in the presence of
Russian troops in Armenia. , approximately 10,000 Russian troops were stationed in
Gyumri. On 23 February 2024, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan confirmed that Armenia had frozen its participation in the CSTO. Pashinyan stated, "We have now in practical terms frozen our participation in this treaty" and "membership of the CSTO was under review" during a live broadcast interview. On 28 February 2024, during a speech made in the
National Assembly, Pashinyan further stated that the CSTO is "a threat to the national security of Armenia". Responding to Pashinyan's remarks, Dmitri Peskov stated that the CSTO charter does not include provisions for a "frozen membership" status. On 12 March, Pashinyan said that the CSTO needed to clarify "what constitutes Armenia's sovereign territory", as the organization had not come to Armenia's defence when requested following
Azerbaijani troops crossing the border into Armenia's internationally recognized territory. Pashinyan said that if the CSTO's response did not align with Armenia's expectations, the country would officially withdraw from the organization. On 8 May 2024, Armenia announced it had stopped making financial contributions to the CSTO, leading Russia to state that it was still obligated to pay its membership dues. On 12 June 2024, Armenia announced that it would formally withdraw from the alliance at an unspecified later date, A July 2024 Gallup opinion poll noted a 7% increase in support for Armenia's membership in NATO, with 29% of respondents believing Armenia should strive for NATO membership. Meanwhile, support for Armenia's membership in the CSTO decreased by 10%, with only 16.9% believing Armenia should maintain its membership in the CSTO. On 6 August 2024, the
Ukrainian Armed Forces launched an
incursion into
Russia's
Kursk Oblast and clashed with the
Russian Armed Forces and
Russian border guard. On 17 August 2024, it was reported that CSTO countries have neither supported nor condemned the
Ukrainian invasion of Russia. On 4 December 2024, during parliamentary discussions in the National Assembly, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that "we already consider ourselves outside the CSTO" and "I believe we have crossed the point of no return" regarding Armenia's membership status in the CSTO. ==Membership==