Affair of the Diamond Necklace

In 1772, Louis XV of France decided to make Madame du Barry, one of his mistresses, a special gift at the estimated cost of 2,000,000 livres (approximately US$17.5 million in 2024). He requested that Parisian jewelers Charles Auguste Boehmer and Paul Bassenge create a diamond necklace that would surpass all others in grandeur. It took the jewellers several years and a great deal of money to gather an appropriate set of diamonds. In the meantime, Louis XV died of smallpox, and his grandson and successor banished Madame du Barry from the court. The necklace was, according to historian Thomas Carlyle, "a row of seventeen glorious diamonds, as large almost as filberts... a three-wreathed festoon, and pendants enough (simple pear shaped, multiple star-shaped, or clustering amorphous) encircle it... around a very Queen of Diamonds". The jewellers hoped it would be a product that the new Queen of France, Marie Antoinette, would buy and indeed in 1778 King Louis XVI offered it to his wife as a present, but she refused. The queen initially turned it down stating (if Carlyle is to be believed) "We have more need of seventy-fours [ships] than of necklaces." After having vainly tried to place the necklace outside France, the jewellers again attempted to sell it to Marie Antoinette after the birth of Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, in 1781. The queen again refused. ==Affair==

A confidence trickster who called herself Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, also known as Jeanne de la Motte, made a plan to use the necklace to gain wealth and possibly power and royal patronage. A descendant of an out-of-wedlock son of Henry II of France, Jeanne had married an officer of the gendarmes, Nicholas de la Motte, the self-proclaimed "Comte de la Motte". She was living on a small pension that had been granted to her by the king. In March 1785, Jeanne became the mistress of the Cardinal de Rohan, a former French ambassador to the court of Vienna. Rohan was regarded with displeasure by Marie Antoinette for having spread rumors about the queen's behavior to her formidable mother, Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa. The queen had also learned of a letter in which Rohan wrote of Maria Theresa in a manner that the queen found offensive. Rohan was then trying to regain the queen's favor to become one of the king's ministers. Jeanne, having entered court utilizing a lover named Rétaux de Villette, persuaded Rohan that she had been received by the queen and enjoyed her favor. On hearing of that, Rohan resolved to use Jeanne to regain the queen's good will. Jeanne assured Rohan that she was making efforts on his behalf.. On 21 January 1785, Jeanne told Rohan that Marie Antoinette wanted to buy the necklace but, not wishing to purchase such an expensive item publicly during a time of need, the queen wanted Rohan to act as a secret intermediary. A little while later, Rohan negotiated the purchase of the necklace for 2,000,000 livres, to be paid in installments. He claimed to have the queen's authorization for the purchase and showed the jewelers the conditions of the bargain in the queen's handwriting. Rohan took the necklace to Jeanne's house, where a man, whom Rohan believed to be a valet of the queen, came to fetch it. The diamond necklace "was promptly picked apart, and the gems sold on the black markets of Paris and London" by Jeanne. When the time came to pay, Jeanne presented Rohan's notes, but they were insufficient. Boehmer complained to the queen, who told him that she had neither ordered nor received the necklace. She had the story of the negotiations repeated for her and by August began making arrests, following which the scandal broke loose. == Scandal ==

The controversy of the event stems from the arrest of Rohan in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles and the trial that declared him innocent and Jeanne and her accomplices guilty. On 15 August 1785, the feast of the Assumption of Mary, while the court was awaiting the king and queen to go to the chapel, Rohan, who was to officiate, was taken before the king, the queen, the Minister of the Court Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, and the Keeper of the Seals Armand Thomas Hue de Miromesnil to explain himself. Rohan produced a letter signed "Marie Antoinette de France". Royalty signed with only the baptismal name, but that fact was missed by Rohan and brought up during his trial and "prejudiced the king against Rohan" as he "breath[ed] royal etiquette since birth... and could not understand how a courtier, and above all a Rohan, a member of a family so keen on the details of status, could make such a mistake". Rohan was arrested and taken to the Bastille. On the way, he sent home a note ordering the destruction of his correspondence. Jeanne was not arrested until three days later, giving her a chance to destroy her papers. The police arrested the prostitute Nicole Le Guay as well as Rétaux de Villette, who confessed that he had written the letters given to Rohan in the queen's name and had imitated her signature. Rohan accepted the Parlement de Paris as judges. Pope Pius VI was incensed, since he believed that Rohan should be tried by his natural judge (himself). However, his notes remained unanswered. A sensational trial resulted in the acquittal of Rohan, Leguay and Cagliostro on 31 May 1786. "Rohan's choice of the Parliament, whatever the verdict, both prolonged matters and took them into the political arena". Jeanne was condemned to whipping, branding with a V (for voleuse, 'thief') on each shoulder, and sent to life imprisonment in the prostitutes' prison at the Salpêtrière. Meanwhile, her husband was tried in absentia and condemned to be a galley slave. The forger Villette was banished. That made the event a matter of public interest, rather than being handled quietly and privately. Public opinion was much excited by the trial. The Paris Parliament did not comment on the alleged actions of the queen. The trial found Marie Antoinette blameless in the matter, Rohan an innocent dupe, and that de la Mottes deceived both for their own ends. Despite findings to the contrary, many people in France persisted in the belief that the queen used the la Mottes as an instrument to satisfy her hatred of Rohan. Various circumstances fortified that belief: the queen's disappointment at Rohan's acquittal and the fact that he was afterwards deprived by the king of his charges and exiled to the Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu. In addition, the people assumed that the Parlement of Paris's acquittal of Rohan implied that Marie Antoinette had somehow been in the wrong. All of those factors led to a huge decline in the queen's popularity and impressed an image of her to the public as a manipulative spendthrift who was more interested in vanity than in the welfare of her people. Jeanne took refuge in London, and in 1789 published her Mémoires Justificatifs in which she once again libelled Queen Marie Antoinette. ==Significance==

The affair of the diamond necklace was important in discrediting the Bourbon monarchy in the eyes of the French people four years before the French Revolution. Marie Antoinette became even more unpopular, and malicious gossip about her made her a greater liability to her husband. After the affair broke out to the general public there was an increase in literature defaming the queen. Her "unpopularity was so great after the Diamond Necklace Affair that it could no longer be ignored by either the queen or the government. Her appearances in public all but ceased." As she was associated with the scandal and already considered by some to be an enemy of the French people, her reputation was irreversibly destroyed. The public relations nightmare led to an increase in salacious and degrading pamphlets, which would serve as kindling for the oncoming French Revolution. It could be said that "she symbolized, among other things, the lavishness and corruption of a dying regime" and served as "the perfect scapegoat of the morality play that the revolution in part became", which made her a target for the hatred of the French Republic and groups like the Jacobins and the sans-culottes. She was never able to shake off the idea in public imagination that she had perpetrated an extravagant fraud for her own frivolous ends. Nonetheless, the affair prompted Louis XVI to become closer to his wife and may have inclined him to be more defensive of and more responsive to her before and during the Revolution. ==In fiction==

• The Great Cophta, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1791) • Diamond Necklace, by Thomas Carlyle (1837) • ''The Queen's Necklace'', by Alexandre Dumas, père (1848) () • "The Queen's Necklace", by Maurice Leblanc (1905) (An Arsène Lupin Story) • Marie Antoinette, starring Norma Shearer, Tyrone Power, John Barrymore, and Robert Morley (1938) • ''The Queen's Necklace'', by Antal Szerb (1943) • ''L'affaire du collier de la reine'', a film directed by Marcel L'Herbier and starring Viviane Romance (1946) • Black Magic, a film starring Orson Welles (1949), an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas's novel Joseph Balsamo (''Mémoires d'un médecin: Joseph Balsamo, 1846–48) (a.k.a. Memoirs of a Physician, Cagliostro, Madame Dubarry, The Countess Dubarry, or The Elixir of Life'') the first of his Marie Antoinette romances. • The Queen of Diamonds, by Jean Plaidy (1958) • Il diavolo in giardino, an opera by Luchino Visconti, Filippo Sanjust and Enrico Medioli. Music by Franco Mannino (Palermo, 1963) • The Necklace Affair, by Edgar P. Jacobs (part of the Blake and Mortimer comic series) (1967) • The Rose of Versailles, by Riyoko Ikeda, first published 1973 (manga); anime television series, 1979 • ''Norby and the Queen's Necklace'', by Janet Asimov (1986) • Blade of the Guillotine, by Arthur Byron Cover (part of the Time Machine series) (1986) • The Necklace of Love, a romantic novel by Barbara Cartland (1989) in which the necklace was smuggled to England and is owned by the heroine's family • The Affair of the Necklace (2001 film) • In the Feddal Castle Series by H.C. Delaval, the second novel The Fourteenth Lady of Feddal, the necklace is revealed to have been secreted into a chandelier in the drawing room of Feddal Castle. This is why it is dubbed The Versailles Chandelier in the series as it was supposedly sent before the French Revolution by Louis XVI to the then Lord Burdon of Feddal. • Dress-Up! Time Princess, as part of the Queen Marie story and The Affair of the Necklace mini-story (2017 game) • ''Stealing the World's Most Expensive Necklace'' (2020 YouTube video) by Watcher Entertainment's Shane Madej in the Puppet History series. • In ''Ocean's 8'', the necklace is one of the several on display in the fictional Met Gala exhibit. • "The Affair of the Necklace" is the main story told in the 2023 musical Cake: The Marie Antoinette Playlist by Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, with music and lyrics by Tasha Taylor Johnson and Jack McManus • Marie Antoinette (2006 film), directed by Sofia Coppola, refers to the necklace, thus obliquely to the affair, in a scene where the queen refuses the king's offer of it. ==See also==