Colonic polypectomy

Prior to resection, assessment of the polyp should include: polyp size, morphology, location, and accessibility. If the polyp appears benign, but the risk of progression to cancer is negligible, then resection is not necessary. ==Larger, sessile polyps==

Large sessile polyps are more difficult to remove endoscopically, and polypectomy in these cases has a higher risk of complication. Sessile polyps up to 10mm can often be removed by snare polypectomy. Polyps over 10mm may have to be removed piecemeal by snare polypectomy. The use of electrocautery over a large area has a significant risk of causing colonic perforation; to reduce this chance, and to facilitate the polypectomy, sterile fluid (saline or colloid, with methylene blue dye added) can be injected under the base of the polyp to raise it away from the muscular layers of the colon. ==Larger, pedunculated polyps==

Pedunculated polyps can be removed by snare polypectomy. When the polyp is identified, a polypectomy snare is passed over the polyp and around the stalk of the polyp. The loop of the snare is then tightened to grip the polyp stalk, and the polyp is pulled away from the wall of the colon. An electric current is then passed through the snare loop to cut through the polyp stalk, providing electrocautery at the same time. The polyp can then be retrieved using the snare or an endoscopy basket, and removed by withdrawing the colonoscope. ==Technique==

Polyps may be removed using cold biopsy forceps, cold snare polypectomy, hot biopsy forceps, hot snare polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, or endoscopic submucosal dissection. Cold biopsy forceps may be used for small (diminutive) polyps 1-3 mm in size. Cold snare polypectomy has the advantage of avoiding the risk of delayed bleeding, postpolypectomy coagulation syndrome, and perforation. ==Complications==

The most common complications of colonic polypectomy are bleeding and colonic perforation. Rarely, postpolypectomy coagulation syndrome may occur following removal of large polyps with electrocautery. ==References==