Concrete category

A concrete category is a pair (C,U) such that • C is a category, and • U : C → Set (the category of sets and functions) is a faithful functor. The functor U can often be thought of as a forgetful functor, which assigns to every object of C its "underlying set", and to every morphism in C its "underlying function". It is customary to call the morphisms in a concrete category homomorphisms (e.g., group homomorphisms, ring homomorphisms, etc.) Because of the faithfulness of the functor U, the homomorphisms of a concrete category may be formally identified with their underlying functions (i.e., their images under U); the homomorphisms then regain the usual interpretation as "structure-preserving" functions. A category C is concretizable if there exists a concrete category (C,U); i.e., if there exists a faithful functor U: C → Set. All small categories are concretizable: define U so that its object part maps each object b of C to the set of all morphisms of C whose codomain is b (i.e. all morphisms of the form f: a → b for any object a of C), and its morphism part maps each morphism g: b → c of C to the function U(g): U(b) → U(c) which maps each member f: a → b of U(b) to the composition gf: a → c, a member of U(c). (Item 6 under Further examples expresses the same U in less elementary language via presheaves.) The Counter-examples section exhibits two large categories that are not concretizable. == Remarks ==

Contrary to intuition, concreteness is not a property that a category may or may not satisfy, but rather a structure with which a category may or may not be equipped. In particular, a category C may admit several faithful functors into Set. Hence there may be several concrete categories (C, U) all corresponding to the same category C. In practice, however, the choice of faithful functor is often clear and in this case we simply speak of the "concrete category C". For example, "the concrete category Set" means the pair (Set, I) where I denotes the identity functor Set → Set. The requirement that U be faithful means that it maps different morphisms between the same objects to different functions. However, U may map different objects to the same set and, if this occurs, it will also map different morphisms to the same function. For example, if S and T are two different topologies on the same set X, then (X, S) and (X, T) are distinct objects in the category Top of topological spaces and continuous maps, but mapped to the same set X by the forgetful functor Top → Set. Moreover, the identity morphism (X, S) → (X, S) and the identity morphism (X, T) → (X, T) are considered distinct morphisms in Top, but they have the same underlying function, namely the identity function on X. Similarly, any set with four elements can be given two non-isomorphic group structures: one isomorphic to \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}, and the other isomorphic to \mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z}. There are some concrete categories where there is not a forgetful functor into Set; for example the category Set⟂, the category of sets with partial functions as morphisms. This is a concrete category when endowed with the functor U : Set⟂ → Set such that U(X) = X ⫫ {*}, which adds to each set a disjoint point and sends each partial function to the total function that maps all undefined points to the new point, *. == Further examples ==

• Any group G may be regarded as an "abstract" category with one arbitrary object, \ast, and one morphism for each element of the group. This would not be counted as concrete according to the intuitive notion described at the top of this article. But every faithful G-set (equivalently, every representation of G as a group of permutations) determines a faithful functor G → Set. Since every group acts faithfully on itself, G can be made into a concrete category in at least one way. • Similarly, any poset P may be regarded as an abstract category with a unique arrow x → y whenever x ≤ y. This can be made concrete by defining a functor D : P → Set which maps each object x to D(x)=\{a \in P : a \leq x\} and each arrow x → y to the inclusion map D(x) \hookrightarrow D(y). • The category Rel whose objects are sets and whose morphisms are relations can be made concrete by taking U to map each set X to its power set 2^X and each relation R \subseteq X \times Y to the function \rho: 2^X \rightarrow 2^Y defined by \rho(A)=\{y \in Y \mid \exists \, x \in A : xRy\}. Noting that power sets are complete lattices under inclusion, those functions between them arising from some relation R in this way are exactly the supremum-preserving maps. Hence Rel is equivalent to a full subcategory of the category Sup of complete lattices and their sup-preserving maps. Conversely, starting from this equivalence we can recover U as the composite Rel → Sup → Set of the forgetful functor for Sup with this embedding of Rel in Sup. • The category Setop can be embedded into Rel by representing each set as itself and each function f: X → Y as the relation from Y to X formed as the set of pairs (f(x), x) for all x ∈ X; hence Setop is concretizable. The forgetful functor which arises in this way is the contravariant powerset functor Setop → Set. • It follows from the previous example that the opposite of any concretizable category C is again concretizable, since if U is a faithful functor C → Set then Cop may be equipped with the composite Cop → Setop → Set. • If C is any small category, then there exists a faithful functor P : SetCop → Set which maps a presheaf X to the coproduct \coprod_{c \in \mathrm{ob}C} X(c). By composing this with the Yoneda embedding Y:C → SetCop one obtains a faithful functor C → Set. • For technical reasons, the category Ban1 of Banach spaces and linear contractions is often equipped not with the "obvious" forgetful functor but the functor U1 : Ban1 → Set which maps a Banach space to its (closed) unit ball. • The category Cat whose objects are small categories and whose morphisms are functors can be made concrete by sending each category C to the set containing its objects and morphisms. Functors can be simply viewed as functions acting on the objects and morphisms. == Counter-examples ==

The category hTop, where the objects are topological spaces and the morphisms are homotopy classes of continuous functions, is an example of a category that is not concretizable. While the objects are sets (with additional structure), the morphisms are not actual functions between them, but rather classes of functions. The fact that there does not exist any faithful functor from hTop to Set was first proven by Peter Freyd. In the same article, Freyd cites an earlier result that the category of "small categories and natural equivalence-classes of functors" also fails to be concretizable. == Implicit structure of concrete categories ==

Given a concrete category (C, U) and a cardinal number N, let UN be the functor C → Set determined by UN(c) = (U(c))N. Then a subfunctor of UN is called an N-ary predicate and a natural transformation UN → U an N-ary operation. The class of all N-ary predicates and N-ary operations of a concrete category (C,U), with N ranging over the class of all cardinal numbers, forms a large signature. The category of models for this signature then contains a full subcategory which is equivalent to C. == Relative concreteness ==

In some parts of category theory, most notably topos theory, it is common to replace the category Set with a different category X, often called a base category. For this reason, it makes sense to call a pair (C, U) where C is a category and U a faithful functor C → X a concrete category over X. For example, it may be useful to think of the models of a theory with N sorts as forming a concrete category over SetN. In this context, a concrete category over Set is sometimes called a construct. == Notes ==