Congress Spelling System

In the 1950s, two different orthographies were used in the Malay-speaking world, namely the Republican Spelling System in Indonesia and Za'aba Spelling in British Malaya and Borneo. The Za'ba Spelling System, introduced in 1933, was the improvised version of the earlier orthography introduced by the British scholar, R J Wilkinson. Similarly in Indonesia, the Republican Spelling System was introduced in 1947 to replace the older Dutch Van Ophuijsen Spelling System. A consensus was reached during the congress, and the new orthography was later named Ejaan Kongres (the congress spelling'). In 1957, the Congress Spelling System was published for the first time by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka in its language leaflet, DBP bilangan (1), with the title Kaedah Baharu Ejaan Rumi Bahasa Melayu (menurut keputusan Kongres Bahasa dan Persuratan Melayu III) (Malay for 'New Methods of Rumi Spelling of Malay Language (based on the decision of Congress of Malay language and letters III)'). ==Reception==

The Congress Spelling System did not seem to gain acceptance of people in general. The reason was that it was not practical for use by the ordinary people and certain graphemes proposed by the system were not represented in the typewriters. Even then, certain groups, particularly those affiliated to the Literary Movement 1950 used the Congress graphemes for diphthongs in their own publications. This group even reverted to the Wilkinson style of writing the vowels in closed final syllables which was, similar to the Republican style in Indonesia. Since the Malay sections of publishing houses were mainly manned by members of the Literary Movement 1950 or their sympathisers, the Movement's style of spelling seemed to gain a widespread currency through published works. In the meantime, the schools and the government publications were still using the Za'aba or the school system of spelling. Hence, the public became confused as to which system to follow. Language usage outside the precincts of the school reflected a state of confusion in the minds of the people in the spelling of their language using the Rumi script. It was not unusual to find several systems used in a short passage in the print media not to mention in individual writings. The state of confusion was ended with the introduction of New Rumi Spelling in 1972, that finally united the different orthographies of the Malay-speaking world into a single system. ==The system==

In the third Malay Congress of 1956, a total of 16 resolutions were made for orthography, 2 resolutions for phonetics, and a resolution for Jawi alphabet. The list of letters agreed upon for the new orthography are as below. It consists of 20 traditional Malay consonants , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and consonants , , , for adopted sounds from foreign languages. : ===Schwa=== The Congress Spelling also consists of 6 vowel sounds represented by 5 letters; , , , , , with representing both and sounds. It differed markedly with Za'aba spelling that differentiates and sounds with letters and respectively. : Diphthongs The Congress also made a new proposition in the writing of diphthongs. Whereas the Wilkinson and the Za'aba systems had , and , the Congress system suggested , and . Final syllables that end with letters k or h : Final syllables that end with letters other than or : ===Phonemes for hamza and ayin=== Malay written in Jawi script generally utilizes both Arabic letters and , in addition to letter , as glottal stops which transliterated in the old Rumi orthographies with apostrophes . The Congress spelling are in agreement that Rumi phonemes for both letters are similar. However, due to differing opinions among the participants, the Congress spelling did not produce any resolution on the use of both phonemes, and opened the issue for public interpretations. The congress nevertheless, proposed four resolutions concerning hamza and ayin. 1. The phonemes shall not be represented by any grapheme when it become onset of first morpheme. For example, : 2. The phonemes shall be represented by letter only if they become the coda of the last morpheme. Example as follows : 3. The phonemes shall be represented by either letter or , if they become the coda of the first morpheme. Example as follows : 4. To avoid confusion, the apostrophe can be used to represent phoneme of glottal stops only if it become onset for non-first morpheme. Therefore, (Malay Jawi for 'problem') should be spelled as in Rumi, not , or . The letter There are a total of four resolutions concerning the letter in the Congress Spelling System. 1. If the sound becomes the onset of the first syllable, it can be either maintained, removed or replaced with . : 2. If the is in between two similar vowels, the letter must be maintained instead of using : However, if the is in between two different vowels, the letter can be either removed or maintained : 3. For similar sounding words that carry different meaning, both rules of maintaining and removing are applied to differentiate their meaning. : 4. For letter that becomes a coda for morpheme, it must be maintained : Exceptions are given to Malay words that derived from foreign words. Therefore, ('school') can also be spelled as and ('Europe') can also be spelled as . Hyphens The use of hyphens commonly found in the old spellings, is discontinued in the Congress spelling except in three conditions; reduplication, compound words and for line breaks. Malay affixes like di-, ke-, ter-, -kan, -an, and particles like -lah, -tah, -kah, and -nya are no longer hyphenated, but combined with the words. : The hyphen remains in use between components of reduplicated words, like menari-nari ('keeps on dancing') and rumah-rumah ('houses'). However, for compound words like setia-usaha ('secretary'), jawatan-kuasa ('committee'), kerja-sama ('teamwork'), exceptions are given to compound words that already firmly embedded like matahari ('sun'), purbakala ('ancient'), and tanggungjawab ('responsibility'). Adoption of Indonesian spelling The Congress Spelling vehemently promoted the Indonesian Republican Spelling System, which in certain words, are deemed in harmony with the original pronunciation. : ==Notes==