Constitution of Azerbaijan

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic that was founded in 1918 and existed for 23 months until 1920 was not able to adopt its constitution. Therefore, the history of Constitution building in Azerbaijan generally starts from the period of Azerbaijan being part of Soviet Union. The first Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR was adopted in 1921 and was in accordance with the Constitution of USSR. The last Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR was adopted on 21 April 1978 and also was in line and form of USSR Constitution. Azerbaijan declared its independence in 1991, and the preparation of a new constitution to replace the 1978 document began in 1992. The adoption of a new constitution was repeatedly delayed by civil and political turmoil. Pending the adoption of a new constitution, the fundamental document in the early 1990s was the October 18, 1991 Act of Independence, which government authorities described as the basis for a new constitution. During this interim period, the provisions of the 1978 constitution were valid if they did not violate or contradict the Act of Independence. The act declared that Azerbaijan is a secular, democratic, and unitary state, with equality of all citizens before the law. The freedoms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights documents were to be upheld, and the right to form political parties was stipulated. The Act of Independence also proclaimed Azerbaijan's territorial integrity and its sovereignty over all its territory. ==Preamble==

The Preamble to the Constitution specifies, in order to "provide prosperity and welfare of the whole society and each individual", that the following objectives be declared: • protection of national sovereignty and territorial integrity • a constitutional democracy • establish a civil society • a secular state based upon the rule of law • a "worthy life level" for citizens and "just" economic and social order • observance of "universal human values", peace and international cooperation ==Chapter 1, General Provisions==

Section 1, People's Power Section 1 establishes the source of state power being the Azerbaijani people and their unity, and states that most political issues are to be solved by referendum, defining as en exception taxation, state budget, amnesty and pardon. It defines that only authorized representatives elected by people have the right to represent the people, speak on behalf of people and to make statements on behalf of people. It also bans the usurpation of power. Section 2, Fundamentals of the State Section 2 establishes the basic principles, aims and role of the state of Azerbaijan, defines the head of a state and concepts in regard to military forces, property, natural resources, social, economic and development issues as well as state symbols, principles of foreign relations and the official language. It also establishes basis for religion and state, monetary unit, restrictions concerning state departments and capital. ==Chapter 2, Major Freedoms, Rights and Responsibilities==

Section 3, Principal Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms Generally, there are 48 Articles regarding principal human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in the Constitution of Azerbaijan. Section 3 establishes the major rights and freedoms of citizens of Azerbaijan, including human rights, property rights, equality rights and intellectual property rights, civil rights, the rights of the accused, the right to strike, social security, the right to vote and freedom of speech, conscience and thought. ==Chapter 3, State Power==

Section 5, Legislative Power Section 5 establishes the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (Milli Majlis), its powers and its capacities. Section 7, Judicial Power Section 7 establishes the Azerbaijani judicial system and Constitutional and Supreme Courts. Section 8, Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic Section 8 establishes the autonomous government of the Nakhichivan region and its legislature (Ali Majlis). ==Chapter 4, Local Self-Government==

Section 9, Municipalities Section 9 establishes the basic structure of municipalities in Azerbaijan. ==Chapter 5, Justice and Law==

Section 10, Legislative System Section 10 upholds the Constitution as having the "highest legal force" and that no laws or decrees may contradict it; it also establishes the legislative system of the country, based upon the Constitution, referendums, laws, presidential decrees, resolutions of the Cabinet and Acts of executive bodies. Section 11, Changes in the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan Section 11 establishes the process of amending the Constitution through referendum, and stipulates what sections of the Constitution cannot be cancelled. Section 12, Additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan Section 12 establishes the process of adding provisions to the Constitution through referendum. == Transitional Clauses ==

Transitional clauses provide conditions for taking power of the Constitution and its application in regard to different branches of power defined by it. ==Holiday==

Constitution Day is celebrated on 12 November as a national holiday. ==References==