The Coushatta were historically farmers, growing a variety of
maize, beans, and squash, and supplementing their diet by hunting game and fish. They are known for their skill at
basketry. Nearly all the Spanish expeditions (including the 1539-1543
Hernando de Soto Expedition) into the interior of
Spanish Florida recorded encountering the original town of the tribe. It was believed to be located in the
Tennessee River Valley. The Spanish referred to the people as
Coste, with their nearby neighbors being the
Chiaha,
Chiska,
Yuchi, Tasquiqui, and Tali. In the 17th and 18th centuries, avoiding the encroachment by European settlers, the Coushatta migrated west into present-day
Alabama. Along the way they established their town at
Nickajack (
Ani-Kusati-yi, or Koasati-place, in
Cherokee) in the current
Marion County, Tennessee. Later they founded a major settlement at the north end of Long Island, which is bisected by the present-day Tennessee–Alabama state line. By the time of the
American Revolution, the Coushatta had moved many miles down the
Tennessee River where their town is recorded as Coosada. In the 18th century, some of the Coushatta joined the emerging Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy, where they became a part of the "Upper Creeks". They were closely related to the Alabama Indians and often intermarried with them. Coushatta and Alabama who stayed in Alabama were part of the 1830s forcible removal to
Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Today their descendants form the federally recognized
Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in
Wetumka, Oklahoma. Some of the Coushatta tribe split from the Creek Confederacy and went to South Louisiana. Their descendants today make up the federally recognized
Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana. Notable chiefs among the Coushatta-Alabama were Long King and his successor Colita (1838–1852). They led their people to settle in present-day
Polk County, Texas, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Colita's village was founded before the European-American settlement of
Livingston, Texas. Descendants of these peoples form the federally recognized
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas and have a
reservation near Livingston.
20th century to present The
Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town in Wetumka, Oklahoma, achieved federal recognition in 1939, following passage of the 1936
Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. Its people were descendants of a community that had moved as a group from their town in Alabama to Indian Territory in the 1830s. They settled together and maintained their tribal town identity. In addition, its people have dual citizenship in the federally recognized
Muscogee (Creek) Nation, representing descendants of the broader Creek Confederacy. It has an
enrolled population of 380. In 1972, the
Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana achieved
state-recognition as a tribe. A year later it gained
federal recognition. The tribe has acquired of reservation near its historical 18th and 19th-century homeland. This land is held in trust on the tribe's behalf by the
United States Department of the Interior. In the 20th century, the Coushatta people in Louisiana began cultivating rice and
crawfish on tribally owned farms on the reservation, where most of the current population resides. An estimated 200 people of the tribe still speak the
Coushatta language. In the early 21st century, fewer young people are learning it, so the tribe is working on language preservation. Since the late 20th century and the rise in Indian
self-determination, many Native American tribes have developed a new source of revenue by establishing
gaming casino on their reservations which are sovereign territories. States, which had begun their own gaming operations and regulated private ones, and the federal government have passed legislation to control Indian gaming, which must conform to what exists by state law. While such revenues are not taxable by the states, tribes often negotiate agreements with the states to share some portion of income, in recognition of their reliance on state infrastructure and other assets. In the 1990s, the Coushatta of Louisiana hired the lobbyist
Jack Abramoff to assist in establishing a casino on their reservation. They were victims of his
manipulations, as he charged them high fees but did not work on their behalf to gain federal or state approval of such development. He was ultimately prosecuted for his actions. Since then, Louisiana Coushatta have established gaming on its reservation. It also has state tax–free sales of certain items to raise revenues. The
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas achieved federal recognition in 1987. The nation acquired a reservation near
Livingston, Texas, its homeland since settling in this area in the early 19th century. It has 1,100 enrolled citizens. ==Ethnobotany==