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Dermestidae

Dermestidae are a family of Coleoptera that are commonly referred to as skin beetles or carpet beetles. Other common names include larder beetles, hide or leather beetles, and khapra beetles. There are over 1,800 species described.

Description
Adult Dermestidae are generally small beetles (1–12 mm long), rounded to oval in shape, with hairy or scaly elytra that may form distinctive and colourful patterns. Except in genera Dermestes and Trichelodes, there is a single ocellus in the middle of the head. The antennae are clubbed (except in male Thylodrias contractus) and usually fit into a groove on the underside of the thorax, concealing them when the beetle is at rest. Adult females of T. contractus are notable for being larviform, meaning they retain a larval morphology even into adulthood. Pupae of subfamilies Dermestinae and Attageninae are covered in structures known as gin-traps, as defense against predators. Pupae of Megatominae are protected within the exuviae of the last larval instar. ==Diet and behaviour==
Diet and behaviour
Dermestid larvae are typically found on dry organic items that are hard for other organisms to digest, such as dried foodstuffs, skins, hides, wood and other natural fibers. In forensic studies, the larvae are found on human corpses during the dry and skeletal phases of decomposition, which occurs several days after death. Larvae also move away from light and often hide in any cavity in order to remain undisturbed. In natural habitats, they can be found on animal carcasses, under bark, and in the webs, nests and burrows of various animals. Larvae of subfamilies Dermestinae and Attageninae (which lack hastisetae), burrow into feeding substrates, pupate in concealed locations, and show fast escape behaviours when disturbed. Larvae of Megatominae (which have hastisetae), do not burrow, pupate where they have been feeding, and their response to disturbance is to stop moving, arch the body and spread the hastisetae. This difference may be because hastisetae would be a hindrance for burrowing larvae. Adult dermestids are known to feed on pollen and nectar. Adults of Dermestes are cannibalistic and will eat young larvae and pupae; this means that when kept in captivity, adults should be placed in separate containers from the immature stages. ==Economic relevance==
Economic relevance
Urban and stored products Dermestid beetles are destructive to a number of common items. Natural fibers such as wool, silk, cotton, linen, fur, or feathers are much more prone to attack than synthetic fibers. Dermestids also attack chocolate, copra, and cocoa beans. Medical Dermestid hastisetae (a specific group of detachable setae from the larvae of subfamily Megatominae), both those attached to exuviae and those shed by larvae, cause health problems in humans when inhaled (rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma), ingested in contaminated food (nausea, fever, diarrhea, proctitis, perianal itching) or touched with skin (dermatitis). Similar to the use of flies in forensic entomology, the arrival of D. maculatus to carrion occurs in a predictable succession. Adult D. maculatus beetles generally arrive 5 to 11 days after death. In an attempt to refine this relatively wide range, recent research has repeated arthropod succession studies. These studies are applied to estimate the arrival of various species of Dermestidae after death. Development for dermestids is temperature dependent, and the optimal temperature for D. maculatus is 30 °C. Development data is normalized using Accumulated Degree Days. Dermestids can also be used in cases involving entomotoxicology, where feces and shed larval skins can be analyzed for toxins. Dermestes maculatus collected from raccoon carcass: Image:Dermestidae 1.jpg|Lateral view (Dermestes maculatus) Image:Dermestidae 2.jpg|Head view (D. maculatus) Image:Dermestidae 7.jpg|Ventral view (D. maculatus) Image:Dermestidae 6.jpg|Dorsal view (D. maculatus) == Evolution ==
Evolution
'' While possible members of the family have been described from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic based on isolated elytra, the oldest known unambiguous member of the family is Paradermestes from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of China, which appears to belong to the subfamily Dermestinae. Members of the subfamilies Attageninae and Megatominae are known from the Cretaceous, including the living genera Attagenus and Megatoma. The ancestral ecology of the group was likely mycophagy, which is retained in Orphilinae, with the ancestor of most other lineages making the transition to saprophagy. == Taxonomy ==
Taxonomy
According to World Dermestidae catalogue (Jiří Háva, 2023), following taxonomic division is proposed for Dermestidae (at subfamily and tribe levels): • DermestidaeMegatominaeAnthreniniMegatominiCtesiiniDermestinaeDermestiniMarioutiniParadermestiniThorictinaeThorictiniThaumaphrastiniOrphilinaeOrphiliniRanoliniTrinodinaeCretonodiniThylodriiniTrichelodiniTrinodiniTrinoparviniAttageninaeAttageniniApphianiniAdelaidiiniCretodermestiniEckfeldattageniniEgidyelliniTrogoparvinae == Genera ==
Genera
Dermestidae contains the following 74 genera: • Adelaidella Zhou, Ślipiński & Liu, 2020 • Adelaidia Blackburn, 1891 • Afrothorictus Andreae, 1967 • Amberoderma Háva & Prokop, 2004 • Anthrenocerus Arrow, 1915 • Anthrenus Geoffroy, 1762 • Apphianus Beal, 2005 • Apsectus LeConte, 1854 • Araphonotos Beal & Kadej, 2008 • Attagenus Latreille, 1802 • Caccoleptoides Herrmann, Háva & Kadej, 2015 • Caccoleptus Sharp, 1902 • Chilattagenus Háva, 2021 • Claviella Kalík, 1987 • †Cretoattagenus Háva, 2020 • †Cretodermestes Deng, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang, 2017 • †Cretomegatoma Háva, 2021 • †Cretonodes Kirejtshuk & Azar, 2009 • Cryptorhopalum Guérin-Méneville, 1838 • Ctesias Stephens, 1830 • Dearthrus LeConte, 1861 • Derbyana Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2005 • Dermalius Háva, 2001 • Dermeanthrenus Háva, 2008 • Dermestes Linnaeus, 1758 • †Eckfeldattagenus Háva & Wappler, 2014 • Egidyella Reitter, 1899 • Evorinea Beal, 1961 • Globicornis Latreille, 1829 • Hemirhopalum Sharp, 1902 • Hexanodes Blair, 1941 • Hirtomegatoma Pic, 1931 • Jiriella Kitano, 2013 • Katkaenus Háva, 2006 • Labrocerus Sharp, 1885 • Liberorphinus Háva & Matsumoto, 2021 • Macrothorictus Andreae, 1967 • Mariouta Pic, 1898 • Megatoma Herbst, 1791 • Miocryptorhopalum Pierce, 1960 • Myrmeanthrenus Armstrong, 1945 • Novelsis Casey, 1900 • †Oisenodes Kirejtshuk, Háva & Nel, 2010 • Orbeola Mulsant & Rey, 1868 • Orphilus Erichson, 1846 • Orphinus Motschulsky, 1858 • Papuderma Háva, 2021 • †Paradermestes Deng, Ślipiński, Ren & Pang, 2017 • Paranovelsis Casey, 1900 • Paratrogoderma Scott, 1926 • Pecticaccoleptus Háva, 2004 • Phradonoma Jacquelin du Val, 1859 • Ranolus Blair, 1929 • Reesa Beal, 1967 • Rhopalosilpha Arrow, 1929 • Sefrania Pic, 1899 • Socotracornis Háva, 2013 • Sodaliatoma Háva, 2013 • Thaumaglossa Redtenbacher, 1867 • Thorictodes Reitter, 1875 • Thorictus Germar, 1834 • Thylodrias Motschulsky, 1839 • Trichelodes Carter, 1935 • Trichodryas Lawrence & Ślipiński, 2005 • Trinodes Dejean, 1821 • Trinoparvus Háva, 2004 • Trogoderma Dejean, 1821 • Trogoparvus Háva, 2001 • †Tuberphradonoma Háva, 2021 • Turcicornis Háva, 2000 • Valdesetosum Háva, 2015 • Volvicornis Háva & Kalík, 2004 • Zahradnikia Háva, 2013 • Zhantievus Beal, 1992 == Selected taxa ==
Selected taxa
Larder beetles '' The larva of the larder beetle Dermestes lardarius is longer than the adult and is covered in reddish brown or black setae. It has two back-curved, spine-like appendages on the posterior end. The larva of the black larder beetle has less strongly curved appendages. Larder beetles are infrequent household pests. Adults and larvae feed on raw skins and hides. Adult larder beetles are generally 1/3 to 3/8 of an inch long and are dark brown with a broad, pale yellow spotted band across the upper portion of the elytra. There are three black dots arranged in a triangle shape on each wing. The sternum and legs of the larder beetle are covered in fine, yellow setae. Adult larder beetles are typically found outdoors in protected areas during the winter, but during the spring and early summer they enter buildings. Females lay approximately 135 eggs near a food source, and the eggs will hatch in about 12 days. The life cycle of larder beetles lasts around 40 to 50 days. Hide beetle (leather beetle) Dermestes maculatus, known as the hide beetle, leather beetle, or skin beetle, feeds on raw skins and hides like the larder beetle. Its life cycle is 60 to 70 days and the female can lay up to 800 eggs. The larvae of the carpet beetle are often referred to as "woolly bears" or "buffalo moths". Black carpet beetle The black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma, is a widely known stored product pest and one of the most destructive because of its potential damage to household products containing keratin, which is a protein found in animal hair and feathers. They are also able to burrow through various types of food packaging, allowing passage for other insects. Females can lay up to 90 eggs and they hatch in about 8 to 15 days. Generally, this species only has one generation a year. The average adult size is about 2.8 to 5 mm long and they are oval, dark brown to shiny-black in color, and have brown legs. Females can lay up to 40 eggs and the number of larval instars is seven or eight. The time it takes to become an adult varies from about eight months to a year. In addition, the adults can live around 2 to 6 weeks. This species varies in shape, size, color, and pattern of scales. On average, the adults are 2 to 3 mm in length and have scales that vary from white, brown, yellow, or even gray-yellow. The khapra beetle is a stored-product pest. Infestations are difficult to control because they crawl into cracks and crevices, remaining for long periods of time. They tend to infest grains and create serious losses to stored products. The adults are covered with setae and are approximately 1.5 to 3 mm long and 1 to 2 mm wide. Male khapra beetles are brown to black with reddish brown markings on the elytra. Females are slightly larger and are lighter in color. The short, 11 segmented antennae has a club of 3 to 5 segments, which fit into a groove on the side of the pronotum. ==Control==
Control
Hide and larder beetles Modern methods of meat slaughtering, storage, and distribution have reduced potential infestations of hide beetles. Proper housekeeping is crucial for the prevention of infestations. Dead insects in homes usually attract these beetles because they are a prime food source for hide and larder beetles. Food must be tightly sealed or stored in a refrigerator to avoid any beetle access. Freezing food for a week or heating meat in a pan or microwave for prolonged lengths can kill insects found in infested foods and prevent them from spreading. Pyrethroid insecticides can be used to control carpet beetles. These contain active ingredients such as permethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin and tralomethrin. ==Image gallery==
Image gallery
Image:Larder beetle grub.jpg|The grub of a larder beetle (Dermestes lardarius) Image:Manduca quinquemaculata dermestidae damage sjh.JPG|Dermestidae damage to a Manduca quinquemaculata in an insect collection Image:Woolly_bear.jpg|The larva of Anthrenus verbasci beetle Image:grain_bait_wolly_bear.jpg|The larva of an Anthrenus verbasci beetle, frass, cast skin & a single grain of blue rodent bait damaged by the larva Image:Sceliphron and pest.jpg|Carpet beetle damaging a Sceliphron destillatorius in an insect collection ==References==
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