George Papadopoulos On October 30, 2017, it was revealed that Trump campaign foreign policy advisor
George Papadopoulos had pleaded guilty earlier in the month to
making a false statement to FBI investigators, a felony. The guilty plea was part of a plea bargain in which he agreed to cooperate with the government and "provide information regarding any and all matters as to which the Government deems relevant." On December 30, 2017,
The New York Times reported that Papadopoulos had in May 2016 disclosed to the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
Alexander Downer in Kensington Wine Rooms, a London wine bar, that the Russians possessed a large trove of stolen Hillary Clinton emails that could potentially damage her presidential campaign. Australia officials initially did not convey this information to the American counterparts but did so after
WikiLeaks and
DCLeaks released stolen
Democratic National Committee emails in June/July 2016, which American intelligence has concluded with "high confidence" originated from Russian hackers. The hacking, and the revelation that a member of the Trump campaign apparently had inside information about it, were driving factors that led the FBI in July 2016 to open an investigation into Russia's attempts to disrupt the election and whether any of President Trump's associates conspired. The
Nunes memo confirmed that the Papadopolous matter triggered the investigation—and not the
Steele dossier, which some Republicans had alleged to have been the trigger. Indeed, Papadopoulos was surveilled by
Stefan Halper and Jeff Wiseman, the first worked for Steele. Papadopoulos was recruited to the Trump campaign in early March 2016. In a court document filed as part of Papadopoulos's guilty plea, prosecutors asserted that later in March while traveling in Italy he met
Joseph Mifsud, a London-based academic with contacts in the
Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Mifsud showed little interest in Papadopoulos until Mifsud learned Papadopoulos was a member of the Trump campaign.
Sam Clovis about his meetings, which he said included the Russian Ambassador, and which had been about a "meeting between us and the Russian leadership to discuss U.S.-Russia ties under President Trump." Clovis was non-committal but replied "Great work." In subsequent days Papadopoulos worked with Mifsud and Polonskaya to arrange contacts between the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Trump campaign. In late April 2016, Papadopoulos emailed an unnamed Trump campaign "Senior Policy Advisor," stating "The Russian government has an open invitation by Putin for Mr. Trump to meet him when he is ready." At about the same time, Mifsud told Papadopoulos that the Russian government had "dirt" on Hillary Clinton in the form of "thousands of emails," which Papadopoulos then shared with
Alexander Downer in a London bar days later. Mifsud dropped from sight after his name appeared in published reports in October 2017 and has not been heard from through May 2018.
Stephan Roh, a German national who is a close associate of Mifsud, asserts he was detained, questioned and surveilled by FBI agents after he arrived on a flight to New York in 2017. The BBC reported on March 21, 2018, that Roh and another man named Ivan Timofeev were also involved in Papadopoulos's efforts to contact Russian officials. For several weeks prior to his scheduled sentencing, his wife had been saying publicly that he might reconsider his guilty plea and its agreement to cooperate with prosecutors. On August 17, Mueller recommended to the judge that Papadopoulos be sentenced to up to 6 months in prison for lying to the FBI. The recommendation commented that "The defendant's crime was serious and caused damage to the government's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election", adding that he did not provide "substantial assistance" to the prosecution, but instead withheld information. On August 29, his wife said he has decided to stick with his plea agreement. He began serving his 14-day sentence on November 26, 2018, at
FCI Oxford in
Oxford, Wisconsin, and was released 12 days later on December 7, 2018. In July 2017, the FBI conducted a raid of Manafort's home, authorized by search warrant under charges of interference in the 2016 election. Manafort and his business assistant
Rick Gates were both indicted and arrested in October 2017 for charges of
conspiracy against the United States,
making false statements,
money laundering, and failing to register as foreign agents for
Ukraine. Gates entered a plea bargain in February 2018. Manafort's first trial on 18 criminal counts began on July 31, 2018. In that trial, Gates testified that he committed
tax-evasion and
embezzlement crimes with Manafort. Under cross examination, Gates also admitted to an extramarital relationship funded with money embezzled from Manafort. Manafort was found guilty on eight counts (covering filing false tax returns, bank fraud, and failing to disclose a foreign bank account), but a mistrial was declared on the remaining 10 counts due to a single juror harboring reasonable doubts. During his second trial, Manafort pleaded guilty to two counts: conspiracy to defraud the United States and witness tampering. He further admitted to the remaining charges against him, agreed to forfeit several properties and accounts, and agreed to full cooperation with the prosecution. Manafort has reportedly met with prosecutors nearly a dozen times. But in November 2018 it was reported that Manafort is not being as forthcoming as FBI investigators want and that they are "not getting what they want" from him. The reported breakdown in cooperation followed the firing of Jeff Sessions as attorney general and the appointment of Matthew Whittaker, a critic of the Mueller investigation, as acting attorney general. Mueller's office stated in a November 26, 2018, court filing that Manafort had repeatedly lied about a variety of matters, breaching the terms of his plea agreement. Manafort's attorneys disputed the assertion. Both sides agreed they were at an impasse and asked Judge Amy Berman Jackson to set a sentencing date for Manafort's trial convictions and guilty pleas.
The New York Times reported on November 27, 2018, that Manafort attorney
Kevin Downing continued sharing information about Manafort's legal matters with Trump's attorneys, pursuant to a joint defense agreement, for two months after Manafort had entered a plea and cooperation agreement with Mueller prosecutors. Although such joint defense agreements are not unusual or unlawful, they must be stopped if they create a conflict of interest, as it would be unethical for attorneys to collaborate when one of their clients is cooperating with prosecutors while another client is the subject of a continuing investigation. Legal experts noted that under
joint defense privilege rules, once attorneys cease sharing a "common interest" of mutual defense, as in Manafort's case,
attorney–client privilege is forfeited and the attorneys can be compelled to testify about what they discussed, opening the possibility of obstruction of justice or witness tampering. Attorneys for
Michael Flynn had ended their joint defense agreement with Trump's attorneys when Flynn entered plea negotiations with Mueller. Trump said he felt "very badly" for Manafort and praised him for resisting the pressure to cooperate with prosecutors. According to
Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal attorney, Trump had sought advice about pardoning Manafort but was counseled against it. Nine months later, on December 17, 2019, Gates was sentenced to 45 days in prison, 300 hours of community service, and a $20,000 fine, as well as three years of probation, significantly lower than the advisory sentencing guidelines.
Michael Flynn As part of the investigation, Mueller assumed control of a
Virginia-based
grand jury criminal probe into the relationship between retired general
Michael Flynn and Turkish businessman
Kamil Ekim Alptekin.
Flynn Intel Group, an intelligence consultancy, was paid $530,000 by Alptekin's company Inovo BV to produce a documentary and conduct research on
Fethullah Gülen, an exiled Turkish cleric who lives in the United States. The lead person within Mueller's team for this investigation is Brandon Van Grack. Flynn's son, Michael G. Flynn, is also a subject of the investigation. He worked closely with his father's lobbying company, the Flynn Intel Group, and accompanied his father on his 2015 visit to Moscow. On November 5, 2017, NBC News reported that Mueller had enough evidence for charges against Flynn and his son. NBC News reported on November 22, 2017, that former Flynn business partner
Bijan Kian is a subject of the Mueller investigation. In late November 2017, Flynn's defense team stopped sharing information with Trump's team of lawyers, which was interpreted as a sign that Flynn was cooperating and negotiating a
plea bargain with the special counsel team. On December 1, 2017, Michael Flynn agreed to a plea bargain with Mueller. He appeared in federal court to plead guilty to a single
felony count of "willfully and knowingly"
making "false, fictitious and fraudulent statements" to the FBI and to confirm his intention to cooperate with Mueller's investigation, including "participating in covert law enforcement activities." As part of Flynn's plea bargain, his son Michael G. Flynn is not expected to be charged. On January 31, 2018, the Mueller team advised a federal court that they will not be ready to request sentencing of Flynn until at least May 1, 2018; and on that day, the special counsel requested an extension to June 29, 2018. On that date, Mueller requested another extension, to August 24, 2018. Another postponement was requested on August 21, 2018, to September 17. On that date, the Mueller and Flynn legal teams requested Flynn be sentenced in late November 2018. In a sentencing memorandum released on December 4, 2018, the Mueller investigation stated Flynn "deserves credit for accepting responsibility in a timely fashion and substantially assisting the government" and should receive little or no jail time. Flynn's attorneys submitted a sentencing memo on December 11, 2018, requesting leniency and suggesting FBI agents had tricked him into lying during a White House interview on January 24, 2017, and did not advise him that lying to federal agents is a felony. The memo also asserted that Flynn's relaxed behavior during the interview indicated he was being truthful. Trump echoed this assertion two days later on Twitter and Fox News, asserting, "They convinced him he did lie, and he made some kind of a deal." Mueller's office rejected these assertions the next day, stating agents had told Flynn portions of what he had discussed with Russian ambassador
Sergei Kislyak to jog his memory, but Flynn did not waver from his false statements. FBI agents concluded that Flynn's relaxed behavior during the interview was actually because he was fully committed to his lies and therefore could be compromised by the Kremlin. Mueller's office also documented instances when Flynn lied about the Kislyak conversation during the days before the FBI interview. Presiding judge
Emmet Sullivan ordered documents related to the interview be provided to him prior to Flynn's December 18 sentencing, and could ask Flynn why he chose to raise this issue so late into his prosecution, after Mueller's office had recommended he receive little or no jail time.
The New York Times reported that Flynn's "decision to attack the FBI in his own plea for probation appeared to be a gambit for a pardon from Mr. Trump, whose former lawyer had broached the prospect last year with a lawyer for Mr. Flynn." At Flynn's scheduled sentencing on December 18, Sullivan sharply rebuked him, stating, "I cannot assure that if you proceed today you will not receive a sentence of incarceration," offering to delay the sentencing until Flynn's cooperation with investigators was complete. After conferring with his attorneys, Flynn accepted the offer. During the hearing, Sullivan indicated he was offended by the suggestion in the sentencing memo submitted by Flynn's attorneys that the FBI had misled Flynn, as it created an appearance that Flynn wanted to both accept a generous plea deal from prosecutors while also contending he had been entrapped. Sullivan asked several questions of Flynn's attorney, Robert Kelner, to determine if the defense was maintaining that the FBI had acted improperly in its investigation of Flynn, including whether he had been entrapped. Kelner responded, "No, your honor" to each question. Flynn acknowledged to Sullivan that he was aware that lying to federal investigators was a crime at the time of his initial FBI interview in January 2017. On May 7, 2020, following the revelation that FBI officials were attempting to coerce Flynn into lying, the DOJ controversially motioned to drop the case with prejudice. The federal judge, however, refused to grant the motion as Flynn had already pled guilty. Flynn's counsel, with assistance from the DOJ, later filed a
mandamus in an attempt to force the Judge to dismiss the case. Ultimately, the
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit granted the mandamus and ordered the judge to dismiss the case. Soon afterward, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit agreed to re-hear the case
en banc to either affirm the dismissal or reject it, which was considered notable by observers as en banc reviews are rarely granted. On August 31, 2020, the appellate court ruled the mandamus was improperly granted and reversed it. Flynn's appeal was rejected, and the initial federal judge was given leeway on whether to drop or uphold the charges. Trump pardoned Flynn on November 25, 2020. Pinedo also agreed to cooperate with the investigation, but faced up to fifteen years in federal prison and a fine of $250,000. He does not have a prior criminal history. Pinedo was released from prison in May 2019.
Alex van der Zwaan On February 16, 2018, Mueller charged attorney
Alex van der Zwaan with one count of
making false statements to the FBI with respect to van der Zwaan's communications with Gates and another individual identified as "Person A", believed to be
Konstantin Kilimnik, in addition to deleting email sought by investigators. Van der Zwaan has worked with Manafort and Gates in 2012 on Ukraine-related matters. On March 27, 2018, Mueller's office asked a judge to consider jail time for van der Zwaan. His sentencing hearing was held on April 3, 2018, and he was sentenced to 30 days in prison followed by two months of supervised release, and fined $20,000. Judge
Amy Berman Jackson stated that van der Zwaan, whose pregnant wife is due to give birth in August, can have his passport back after his 30-day sentence, at which point he can self-deport back to Europe if
Immigrations and Customs Enforcement allows. Van der Zwaan was released from prison on June 4 to ICE custody and was deported the next day.
Internet Research Agency, et al. announces indictments of 13 Russian individuals and three Russian companies. On February 16, 2018, special counsel Robert Mueller's team announced it had filed an indictment of 13 Russian nationals and three Russian organizations. The indictment alleges that
Yevgeny Prigozhin, a businessman with close ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin, funneled significant funds to
Internet Research Agency, a Kremlin-linked company headquartered in
Saint Petersburg and described as a "troll factory", for the purposes of carrying out a secret operation to influence the outcome of the
2016 United States presidential election while obstructing the enforcement of federal elections laws. The indictment alleges that members of the conspiracy travelled to the United States to conduct research; created social media accounts impersonating Americans; opened financial accounts with the stolen identities of Americans; bought advertisements on social media platforms; organized and financed political rallies; and posted and promoted material favorable to Donald Trump, while saying not to denigrate
Jill Stein, and
Bernie Sanders because "they liked them", while disparaging candidates like Hillary Clinton,
Marco Rubio, and
Ted Cruz. The indictment cites one case in which the defendants and their co-conspirators paid a U.S. person to build a cage on a flatbed truck and paid another U.S. person to wear a costume portraying Hillary Clinton in a prison uniform for a pro-Trump political rally in Florida. The indictment's allegations that Russians were actively interfering in the 2016 election process contradict President Trump's repeated assertions that Russian interference was a "hoax" devised by
Democrats or perpetrated by others, such as China. Historically, Russia is second only to the United States in
foreign election intervention and is therefore statistically the most probable perpetrator against the United States.
Konstantin Kilimnik A long-time associate of Paul Manafort,
Konstantin Kilimnik was charged on June 8, 2018, on two counts, both relating to
obstruction of justice. A Russian national, he is believed to be in Moscow, where he may have ties to Russian intelligence. Per a 2018 classified State Department assessment Ukraine's former Prosecutor General
Yuri Lutsenko allowed Kilimnik to escape from Ukraine to Russia after the US federal grand jury charged Kilimnik with obstruction of justice.
The New York Times reported on August 31, 2018, that an unnamed Russian political operative and a Ukrainian businessman had illegally purchased four tickets to the inauguration of Donald Trump on behalf of Kilimnik. The tickets, valued at $50,000, were purchased with funds that had flowed through a Cypriot bank account. The transaction was facilitated by
Sam Patten, an American lobbyist who had related work with
Paul Manafort and pleaded guilty to failing to register as a foreign agent. Patten agreed to cooperate with Mueller's office and other law enforcement authorities.
Viktor Netyksho, et al. On July 13, 2018,
Rod Rosenstein, the
United States Deputy Attorney General, announced indictments of twelve Russian
GRU officers for their efforts in the
2016 Democratic National Committee email leak, through the establishment of false identities as
DCLeaks and
Guccifer 2.0, as well as charges of money laundering using
bitcoin. The indictment also alleged that an unnamed congressional candidate requested and received stolen documents about his/her opponent from Guccifer 2.0, and that the Russians were in contact with a "friendly reporter". Combined with the findings of the intelligence community in January 2017, and endorsed by the Senate Intelligence Committee in July 2018, the indictments appeared to decisively debunk a number of alternate theories by Trump and his allies about who perpetrated the hacks, and came three days before Trump was to meet with Russian president Vladimir Putin for a summit in Helsinki, Finland. After the indictments were announced, White House spokeswoman
Lindsay Walters stated "Today's charges include...no allegations that the alleged hacking affected the election result."
Bloomberg News reported that Trump permitted the indictments to be announced prior to the
2018 Russia–United States Summit hoping it would strengthen his position in negotiations with Vladimir Putin.
Michael Cohen Former Trump attorney
Michael Cohen pleaded guilty on November 29, 2018, to lying to the
Senate Intelligence Committee in September 2017 regarding matters relating to the proposed development of a
Trump Tower Moscow. In December 2018, he was sentenced to three years in
federal prison and ordered to pay a $50,000 fine. He reported to
the federal prison near Otisville, New York, on May 6, 2019.
Roger Stone On January 25, 2019,
Roger Stone was arrested by the FBI and charged with seven counts, including witness tampering and lying to investigators. His jury trial, in November 2019, resulted in a conviction on all counts on November 15, 2019. He was sentenced to forty months in federal prison in February 2020, as well as a fine and two years of supervised release. His sentence was commuted on July 10, 2020, before he had served any prison time. == Referrals to other prosecutors==