Cultural depictions of cats

While the exact history of human interaction with cats is still somewhat vague, a shallow grave site discovered in 1983 in Cyprus, dating to 7500 BCE, during the Neolithic period, contains the skeleton of a human, buried ceremonially with stone tools, a lump of iron oxide, and a handful of seashells. In its own tiny grave 40 centimeters (18 inches) from the human grave was an eight-month-old cat, its body oriented in the same westward direction as the human skeleton. Cats are not native to Cyprus. This is evidence that cats were being tamed just as humankind was establishing the first settlements in the part of the Middle East known as the Fertile Crescent. The lineage of today's cats stems from about 4500 BC and came from Europe and Southeast Asia according to a recent study. Modern cats stem from two major lines of lineage. == Near East ==

Ancient Egypt ians mummified their cat companions out of respect in the same way that they mummified people. Cats were sacred animals, and the goddess Bastet was often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. Killing a cat was forbidden, and the Greek historian Herodotus reports that when a household cat died, the family shaved their eyebrows in mourning. Unlike in Egypt, cats were not objects of formal cult worship, though they appear to have been tolerated in domestic contexts. Levant In the ancient Levant, including Canaanite, Phoenician, and Israelite cultures, cats are attested mainly in domestic contexts. Archaeological remains from Levantine settlements indicate their presence in areas associated with food storage and trade. Cats are largely absent from surviving religious iconography and mythological texts. Anatolia Evidence from Anatolia indicates familiarity with domestic cats during the Hittite period and later eras. References to cats are infrequent in textual and material sources, suggesting their use was limited to practical domestic functions such as pest control. Persia In ancient Persia, particularly during the Achaemenid period, cats were present in domestic environments. Although cats held no formal role in Zoroastrian religious practice, they were tolerated within households. Later Persian literary and artistic traditions, including illustrated manuscripts of the Shahnameh, depict domestic cats, reflecting their continued presence in Iranian cultural contexts. ==Western and Central Europe==

In Norse mythology, the goddess Freyja was associated with cats. Farmers sought protection for their crops by leaving pans of milk in their fields for Freya's special feline companions, the two grey cats who fought with her and pulled her chariot. Folklore dating back to as early as 1607 tells that a cat will suffocate a newborn infant by putting its nose to the child's mouth, sucking the breath out of the infant. Black cats are generally held to be unlucky in the United States and Western Europe, and to portend good luck in the United Kingdom. Elsewhere, it is considered unlucky if a black cat crosses one's path; black cats have been associated with death and darkness. The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from Magna Graecia dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary founders of Rhegion and Taras respectively, playing with their pet cats. Housecats seem to have been extremely rare among the ancient Greeks and Romans; Pliny linked them with lust, and Aesop with deviousness and cunning. Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, many of Artemis' associations with cats were grafted onto the Virgin Mary. In Medieval Ypres, cats were used in the winter months to control the vermin infesting the wool stored in the upper floors of the Cloth Hall (Lakenhall). At the start of the spring warm-up, after the wool had been sold, the cats were thrown out of the belfry tower to the town square below, which supposedly symbolised "the killing of evil academics". In today's Kattenstoet (Cat Parade), this was commuted to the throwing of woolen cats from the top of out houses and also the people from the Middle Ages often used to suck on the wool as a sign of good luck. Renaissance and Victorian depictions In the Renaissance, cats were often thought to be witches' familiars in England like Greymalkin, the first witch's familiar in Macbeths opening scene. Cats became popular and sympathetic characters in folk tales such as Puss in Boots. One English folk tale in which a cat is given a role of a friend who was betrayed is Dick Whittington and His Cat, which has been adapted for many stage works, including plays, musical comedies and pantomimes. It tells of a poor boy in the 14th century, based on the real-life Richard Whittington, who becomes a wealthy merchant and eventually the Lord Mayor of London because of the ratting abilities of his cat. There is no historical evidence that Whittington had a cat. ==Russia==

Although Russia is geographically located in Europe, attitudes toward cats there have always been radically different from those in Central and Western Europe. Orthodox Christianity not only did not persecute these animals, but rather had an entirely positive attitude toward them. Unlike in Western countries, cats have been considered good luck in Russia for centuries. Owning a cat, and especially letting one into a new house before the humans move in, is said to bring good fortune. Cats in Orthodox Christianity are the only animals that are allowed to enter churches. Also, cats were an integral attribute of Russian Orthodox monasteries. According to Russian law, a huge fine was imposed for killing a cat, the same as for a horse or ox. During the Kievan and early Muscovite periods, cats served not only as rodent protectors but also as a symbol of status and wealth. Later, during the Imperial period, with the widespread adoption of these animals in cities and villages, they became integral members of families. During the Soviet period, with the widespread availability of affordable housing for all, the status of cats became firmly established: it is considered that a true Russian home is unthinkable without a cat. It is noteworthy that, unlike Catholic and Protestant ideas, Orthodox doctrine asserts the immortality of animal souls, which is accordingly reflected in the culture and mentality of people. Many cats have guarded the Hermitage Museum/Winter Palace continually, since Empress Elizabeth's reign, when she was presented by the city of Kazan in Tatarstan five of their best mousers to control the palace's rodent problem. They lived pampered lives and even had special servants until the October Revolution, after which they were cared for by specially appointed museum staff. Today there is a group of cats at the Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. They have their own press secretary, with about 74 cats of both genders roaming the museum. == Asia ==

China Cats that were favored pets during the Chinese Song dynasty were long-haired cats for catching rats, and cats with yellow-and-white fur called 'lion-cats', who were valued simply as cute pets. Cats could be pampered with items bought from the market such as "cat-nests", and were often fed fish that were advertised in the market specifically for cats. The maneki-neko of Japan is a figurine often believed to bring good luck to the owner. Literally the beckoning cat, it is often referred to in English as the "good fortune" or "good luck" cat. It is usually a sitting cat with one of its paws raised and bent. Legend in Japan has it that a cat waved a paw at a Japanese landlord, who was intrigued by this gesture and went towards it. A few seconds later a lightning bolt struck where the landlord had been previously standing. The landlord attributed his good fortune to the cat's fortuitous action. A symbol of good luck hence, it is most often seen in businesses to draw in money. In Japan, the flapping of the hand is a "come here" gesture, so the cat is beckoning customers. There is also a small cat shrine () built in the middle of the Tashirojima island. In the past, the islanders raised silkworms for silk, and cats were kept in order to keep the mouse population down (because mice are a natural predator of silkworms). Fixed-net fishing was popular on the island after the Edo period and fishermen from other areas would come and stay on the island overnight. The cats would go to the inns where the fishermen were staying and beg for scraps. Over time, the fishermen developed a fondness for the cats and would observe the cats closely, interpreting their actions as predictions of the weather and fish patterns. One day, when the fishermen were collecting rocks to use with the fixed-nets, a stray rock fell and killed one of the cats. The fishermen, feeling sorry for the loss of the cat, buried it and enshrined it at this location on the island. This is not the only cat shrine in Japan, however. Others include Nambujinja in the Niigata Prefecture and one at the entrance of Kyotango City, Kyoto. Another Japanese legend of cats is the nekomata: when a cat lives to a certain age, it grows another tail and can stand up and speak in a human language. Hello Kitty, created by Yuko Yamaguchi, is a contemporary cat icon. The character made its debut in 1974 and has since become a global staple of Japanese culture; the merchandise is available all over the world. According to Sanrio, the official licenser, designer, and producer of Hello Kitty merchandise, the character is a cartoon version of a little girl. In her fictional life, she is from the outskirts of London and a part of the Sanrio universe. ==Islam==

Although no species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by Muslims. Some Western writers have stated Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza. He is reported to have loved cats so much that, "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it". The story has no origin in early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries after Muhammad. ==Modern culture==

are frequently found in the form of memes, due to Grumpy Cat's deformed features giving a permanently unhappy appearance. , cats in the modern era are depicted in various forms including street murals. Cats have also featured prominently in modern culture. For example, a cat named Mimsey was used by MTM Enterprises as their mascot and features in their logo as a spoof of the MGM lion. By 1990, the New York Times said that cats had become the most popular subject depicted on gift items (such as coasters, napkins, jewelry, and bookends), and that an estimated 1,000 stores in the United States sold nothing but cat-related items. On the Internet, cats frequently appear often as memes and other humor; and on social media people frequently post pictures of their own cats. ==Other==

• In Celtic Mythology, a Cat Sith is a fairy cat, sith or sidhe (both pronounced shee) meaning fairy. • In Christianity, the patron saint of cats is Saint Gertrude of Nivelles. • The Cat Duet (Duetto buffo di due gatti), attributed to Rossini, is a popular performance piece for two sopranos, whose "lyrics" consist entirely of the repeated word "miau" ("meow"). ==See also==