Before the
1994 FIFA World Cup, the
United States Soccer Federation fulfilled its promise to
FIFA by aiding in the foundation of a new professional league, which would become
Major League Soccer (MLS). On June 15, 1994, MLS selected Washington, D.C. out of twenty-two applicants to host one of the league's first seven franchises, with three more added before the league's launch. The team's name was chosen as a reflection of the names of European clubs, such as
Manchester United or
Leeds United, as well as being the capital of the United States. The team's colors and original logo, along with those of the other ten original teams, were announced in October 1995, during a presentation in New York City. Black and white were announced D.C. United's primary colors, and red was announced as the club's secondary color.
Early years and dynasty (1996–1999) The club's first season was in 1996. Ahead of the season, United hired
Bruce Arena, who had led the
University of Virginia men's soccer program to five
NCAA College Cup titles, to be the head coach of the club. Under Arena, the club quickly established itself as one of the flagship franchises in MLS, winning two
MLS Cup (league championship) titles, a
U.S. Open Cup (domestic cup) title, a
Supporters' Shield (regular season winner), a
CONCACAF Champions' Cup (continental championship), and a
Copa Interamericana (intercontinental championship) all within the club's first two seasons. During this late 1990's dynasty, the club was led by its "magic triangle" of
Jaime Moreno,
Marco Etcheverry, and
Raul Diaz Arce. Additionally, the club had several U.S. international stars at the time including
Eddie Pope,
John Harkes, United's
inaugural match was played on April 6, 1996, against the then-called
San Jose Clash (now Earthquakes) at
Spartan Stadium in
San Jose, California, which also was the first match to ever be played in MLS history. United would lose the match to the Clash, 0–1 off a late match-winner by
Eric Wynalda. The club's early success continued into 1997,
repeating as MLS Cup champions, and winning their first Supporters' Shield, becoming the first club in MLS history to achieve the "league double" by winning both the regular season championship and league championship. In 1998 the club won the Eastern Conference regular season and postseason championship, but finished runners-up for the Supporters' Shield, and lost to Chicago Fire in MLS Cup 1998. Despite not winning any domestic titles, the club managed to win the
CONCACAF Champions' Cup (now known as the CONCACAF Champions League), defeating Mexican side,
Toluca, in the final thanks to a Pope goal, as well as winning the now-defunct
Copa Interamericana (a two-legged aggregate series between the
CONCACAF and
CONMEBOL club champions). D.C. United became the first American club to win a CONCACAF club championship, and the only American club to have won the Copa Interamericana. As of 2022, only two other American clubs have won the CONCACAF Champions' Cup or Champions League (LA Galaxy in 2000 and Seattle Sounders in 2022). In October 1998, Arena left D.C. United to accept the head coaching role for the United States men's national soccer team, following their poor performance in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Dutch manager,
Thomas Rongen, who had previously coached the
New England Revolution was hired to coach United for the 1999 season. With the squad, largely constructed by Arena, United achieved a domestic double, winning
MLS Cup 1999 (their third MLS Cup title) against their cross-country rivals, the Los Angeles Galaxy, a rematch of MLS Cup 1996, and winning their second Supporters' Shield title (off of 57 points). Striker
Roy Lassiter led United with 18 goals during the season earning joint Golden Boot honors. United did not fare as well in the 1999 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, losing in the semifinals to eventual champions,
Necaxa.
Playoff failures (2000–2003) Ultimately, Arena's departure marked the beginning of a downturn in the team's fortunes. After reaching MLS Cup for the club's first four seasons, the 2000 season saw the club lose nine of their first twelve matches. United ultimately finished in 11th out of 12 teams in MLS during the
2000 season, missing the
2000 MLS Cup Playoffs altogether, for the first time in franchise history. Outside of MLS play, the club suffered early exits in the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, losing in the
semifinals to eventual champions, the LA Galaxy, and being
knocked out in the quarterfinals of the U.S. Open Cup by eventual finalists,
Miami Fusion. During the 2001 season, United played in the
CONCACAF Giants Cup which was held in March 2001, prior to the start of the MLS regular season. United reached the finals of the Giants Cup, beating Jamaican club,
Arnett Gardens, and Guatemalan club,
Comunicaciones in the quarterfinals and semifinals, respectively, before losing to Mexican club,
América, in the final. During the 2001 MLS regular season United once again, finished in last place in the Eastern Conference and 11 points outside of the playoff picture. Although the offense led by
Abdul Thompson Conteh, and Jamie Moreno contributed to 42 goals on the season, the porous United defense let in 50 goals the second worst in the East. The season however, was truncated by three weeks due to the
aftermath of the
September 11 attacks. Following the 2001 season, club management decided to fire Rongen, and replace him with English manager
Ray Hudson, who had just coached the Miami Fusion to a Supporters' Shield title. Hudson signed a two-season contract with United and began the 2002 season participating in the
2002 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, due to their performance in the previous years' Giants Cup. United suffered their worst loss in CONCACAF play, losing by a four-goal margin to
Comunicaciones, a club they had beat the previous year in the Giants Cup. United won the return leg, but by too little of a margin to advance. Their fortunes during the regular season did not fare better than the previous two seasons, where United ultimately finished last in the MLS regular season overall table, their first Wooden Spoon finish in franchise history, and their worst season until 2010. United scored only 31 goals during the season, last in MLS, where
Ali Curtis and
Bobby Convey were joint top scorers with the club, with only five goals each. However, the season showed signs of promising young talent with then-17 year old,
Santino Quaranta, having a breakout season with United, and
Nick Rimando, who became the club's first-choice goalkeeper for the next five years. Ahead of the 2003 season, United received the
first overall draft pick in the
2003 MLS SuperDraft, where they selected University of Virginia standout,
Alecko Eskandarian. Additionally, United brought in MLS veterans,
Dema Kovalenko and
Hristo Stoichkov, from Chicago Fire. After a slow start to the season taking eight matches to win, United gained momentum during the latter half of the season, going 8–5–5 to close out the season. The form allowed United to qualify for the playoffs as the final seed, giving United their first playoff berth since 1999. Despite the berth, United was blanked by Shield winners Chicago Fire 4–0 on aggregate. At the conclusion of the season, despite signs of promise, Hudson was released by D.C. United and Polish manager,
Piotr Nowak, replaced him before the start of the 2004 season.
Nowak era, return to success (2004–2006) The club's first season under Nowak was marred by injuries in the early going, and some players were known to have complained about Nowak's methods. During Nowak's tenue, United selected
Freddy Adu, a 14-year-old soccer prodigy, in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft. When Adu entered United's regular-season opener as a second-half substitute on April 3, 2004, he became the youngest player in any professional sport in the United States since 1887. That season, Adu, along with the likes of
Christian Gómez, Moreno, and
Brian Carroll, helped to propel United into the playoffs as the second seed in the East. There they advanced past the
New England Revolution in the Eastern Conference Final on penalty kicks in what has been called one of the best games in MLS history. United then defeated the
Kansas City Wizards to win
MLS Cup 2004, their fourth, and as of 2022, their most recent MLS Cup title. In 2006, the
MLS All-Star Team, which included eight United players, was managed by United's manager
Piotr Nowak, defeated
English champions
Chelsea. which as of 2022, is a position he still holds. Following the 2007 season, the club
failed to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs for five consecutive seasons. During this stretch, United's lone major title came in 2008, when they won the
U.S. Open Cup. In league play during the 2008 and 2009 campaigns, United faltered at the tail-end of each season, ultimately causing them to miss out on the playoffs. Following the end of the 2009 campaign, Soehn resigned as head coach of United, thus ending the Soehn era with two major titles in three seasons. To date, Soehn is the most recent manager at United to win two or more major titles during their tenure as head coach.
Olsen era (2010–2020) (pictured), was one of the first Homegrown Players in D.C. United history. Najar won the 2010 Rookie of the Year Award. Following Soehn's replacement, the organization hired
Curt Onalfo as the head coach. United had approached then
University of Akron men's soccer head coach,
Caleb Porter, but Porter rejected their offer. Recently retired club midfielder,
Ben Olsen, joined Onalfo's staff as an assistant coach, along with
Kris Kelderman, who served as an assistant to Onfalo at Kansas City. Additionally, Soehn's assistant coaches of
Chad Ashton and
Mark Simpson remained on Onalfo's coaching staff for the 2010 season. Ahead of the season the club saw the departures of Luciano Emilio and Fred, two key contributors to the club during the late 2000s. The club, marred by injuries, and poor tactics, had a historically poor start to the
2010 MLS season, having a record of 3–12–3 in the clubs first 16 matches. becoming the first
homegrown player to win the honor. Following the end of the 2010 season, long-time United striker Jamie Moreno retired from professional soccer. Olsen would ultimately assume full-time managerial duties ahead of the 2011 season, where he kept Ashton on the coaching staff, but dismissed Kelderman from his staff. Olsen brought in recently retired goalkeeper and former Canadian international,
Pat Onstad, on to his coaching staff, along with former Dutch international,
Sonny Silooy. Throughout Olsen's tenure, he employed a defensive style of play, followed by a diamond 4–4–2 formation focused on counter-attacking soccer. Pundits described the play as "Bennyball", and a soccer-style form of moneyball. During Olsen's coaching career, he would qualify for the playoffs six times, with the furthest being the Eastern Conference final, and win one major title, the U.S. Open Cup in 2013. The club qualified for the CONCACF Champions League twice during his tenure, where they reached the quarterfinals each time. During Olsen's first full season in charge the club acquired
Perry Kitchen in the
2011 MLS SuperDraft, U.S. international
Charlie Davies on loan, and Canadian international
Dwayne De Rosario. Additionally, 2010 Designated Player acquisition,
Branko Bošković, became healthy for the season. The club experienced a turnaround in contrast to 2010, but ultimately a four-match losing streak and a six-match winless streak to close out the regular season cost the club a chance at the
MLS Cup Playoffs. Despite not making the playoffs, De Rosario won the
MLS Most Valuable Player Award (now known as the Landon Donovan MVP Award). During the 2011–12 offseason, minority owners of the
Philadelphia 76ers basketball team,
Jason Levien and
Erick Thohir were named new majority owners, buying
Will Chang's majority stake in the club. Chang, however, remained part of the ownership group as a minority owner. The goal of Levien and Thohir was to construct a
soccer-specific stadium for United. On the field during the 2012 season, United's fortunes fared much better, with new acquisitions
Nick DeLeon,
Lewis Neal,
Maicon Santos, and
Hamdi Salihi having immediate contributions to the club. United ultimately finish the 2012 season with a third-place finish, their best since 2007, and a second-place finish in the East, again their best since 2007. The club defeated their
rivals,
New York Red Bulls in the Conference Semifinals, before advancing to the MLS Eastern Conference final, their first Conference Final since 2005, against Houston Dynamo. United lost the series 2–4 on aggregate ending their season. During Olsen's third season in charge, the new club ownership constrained the teams budget, in part to finance a future soccer-specific stadium. Consequently, the club relied on several reserve players, second-division players, and Academy players to form the core of the team, as well as releasing several key contributors from the 2012 team, in order to stay within budget. As a result, D.C. United tallied a total of only three wins in the 2013 season, setting a record for fewest wins in league history. Despite the team's poor showing in league play, D.C. United defeated
Real Salt Lake in the
U.S. Open Cup final thanks to a late first half goal from Lewis Neal. As of 2022, this is the club's most recent major honor. Despite this season, Olsen was retained as head coach, in part, due in part to the fact the club won the Open Cup. The Open Cup title gave United a berth into the
2014–15 CONCACAF Champions League, their first Champions League appearance since 2009. Despite this, the club was eliminated by their rivals, New York Red Bulls, in the Conference Semifinals of the MLS Cup Playoffs. Notable offseason acquisitions included
Steve Birnbaum,
Chris Rolfe,
Fabian Espindola,
Sean Franklin, and
Bobby Boswell. At the conclusion of the 2014 season, Olsen won the
MLS Coach of the Year Award (now known as the Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award). For the turnaround, management extended Olsen's contract with United. (pictured), led the team in scoring during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. During the latter half of Olsen's tenure, Olsen saw the club qualify for the playoffs in four of his final six seasons, although the club never went further past the Conference Semifinals in the playoffs. During this time, the club revealed a new crest in 2016, and opened their new soccer-specific,
Audi Field, in 2018. Off the field, Chang and Thohir sold their ownership stake to Levien in 2016 and 2018, respectively. In the late 2010s the club signed several notable players such as
Wayne Rooney,
Luciano Acosta, and
Paul Arriola. During the shortened 2020 season due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, United saw themselves have an early group stage exit during the
MLS is Back tournament, coupled with a poor run of play during the fall 2020 segment of the season. In October 2020, club management relieved Ben Olsen of his coaching duties, after a club-record 10 seasons as the head coach of the team. Olsen became the third-longest tenured head coach for an MLS team in league history, and by far, the longest tenured head coach in United history. While some members of the media felt that the dismissal was necessary, some individuals in the media felt that as long as Kasper was General Manager and Levien owned the franchise that little would change. Following the dismissal, it was reported that Olsen may stay with the United organization in a different role. Ultimately, in September 2021, Olsen was hired as the Club President for the
Washington Spirit, the
National Women's Soccer League franchise in the
Washington metropolitan area, which he held until May 2022.
2021–present During the 2021 season, United hired Argentine manager,
Hernán Losada, who had previously coached Belgian outfit,
Beerschot. The decision came after the ownership decided to not hire
Chris Armas as head coach. The media found the hire a unique and ambitious hire. As head coach, Losada moved the team away from a counter-attacking defensive style, and focused more on a high-octane, attacking style, where Losada prioritized fitness and speed, putting intense pressure on the opponents defense. Losada only managed the club for the entirety of the 2021 season, where on the final day of the season, they finished just outside of the playoff spot. Despite this, Losada remained in charge of United for the first two months of the 2022 campaign. However, due to disagreements between the front office and Losada in coaching philosophy, as well as a poor string of league results, Losada was fired in April 2022 after coaching the club for about 14 months. which had caused tension between the players and Losada's coaching staff. Management felt that Losada was too critical of the front office, particularly of Dave Kasper and Jason Levien, and that the relationship between coaching staff and the front office staff had been strained. During this time off the field,
Mario Mims and
Mark Ingram II joined
D.C. United Holdings as minority owners. Losada's firing sparked anger from some of D.C. United's fans, who felt the dismissal was too premature. Following Losada's sacking, long-time assistant coach
Chad Ashton took over on interim duties until July 2022, when the club hired former player and former English international player
Wayne Rooney to coach the club. The 2022 season ended in United finishing at the bottom of the MLS overall table, resulting in General Manager, Lucy Rushton, being relieved of her duties. During the 2023 season, United's record improved, finishing with 40 points on the season, up from 27 the previous season. However, the improvement was not enough to qualify for the
2023 MLS Cup Playoffs, resulting in Rooney's dismissal. On November 20, 2023, United named
Ally Mackay as their new GM and Chief of soccer operations. Shortly after, on January 10, 2024, it was announced that
Troy Lesesne had signed a three-year contract to serve as the club's head coach. The fact that Lesesne had been rejected as not good enough by prime rival Red Bulls did not sit well with many fans, and in fact, in his first season, United finished the season with 40 points once again, missing out on playoffs by goal differential. The lone highlight from the season being
Benteke's 23 goal haul on the season, earning the D.C. United captain the 2024
MLS Golden Boot. The 2025 season was marred with an additional last place finish, causing fans and the press to call for Levien and Kaplan to sell the club. ==Colors and badge==