Dama gazelle

The dama gazelle is white with a reddish-brown head and neck. Both sexes usually have medium-length ringed horns curved like an "S". Males' horns are about long, while females' horns are much shorter. The head is small with a narrow muzzle, and the eyes are relatively large. It has a longer neck and longer legs than most gazelles. It is between tall at the shoulder, weighs between , and has a lifespan up to 12 years in the wild or 18 in captivity. A few days following birth, dama young are strong enough to follow the herd, and after a week, they are able to run as fast as the adults. The dama gazelle is considered the largest species of gazelle, with incredibly long legs, which provide extra surface area to dissipate heat, one of the many ways it stays cool in its hot desert environment. It also tends to need more water than some of its desert relatives, but it can withstand fairly long periods of drought. Unlike many other desert mammals, the dama gazelle is a diurnal species, meaning it is active during the day. Always on the alert, the dama gazelle uses a behavior called pronking to warn herd members of danger. Pronking involves the animal hopping up and down with all four of its legs stiff, so that its limbs all leave and touch the ground at the same time. Males also establish territories, and during breeding season, they actively exclude other mature males. They mark their territories with urine and dung piles and secretions from glands near their eyes. ==Subspecies status and conservation==

The dama gazelle is generally divided into three subspecies based on the colour of the animal's back, flanks and haunches. These three subspecies occupied three blocks running along the east–west axis of the gazelle's range. The easternmost is N. dama ruficollis (the addra gazelle) whose historical range was to the east of 15°E. The westernmost is N. dama mhorr (the mohor or mhorr gazelle) whose historical range was to the west of 7°E. Between the two was the historical range of N. dama dama. Genetic studies have raised questions over the validity of these subspecies and the colour variation (phenotype) appears to be clinal. • N. d. mhorr, the mhorr gazelle, is extinct in the wild, with the last known wild sighting in 1968. It is currently present in captive breeding programs in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, and several efforts have reintroduced animals into former areas and others with a similar habitat. • N. d. dama (the nominate subspecies) is only kept in captivity at the Al Ain Zoo and Sharjah Safari Park in the United Arab Emirates, and is very rare in the wild. • N. d. ruficollis, the addra gazelle, is present in captive breeding programs in North America, and is equally rare in the wild. File:The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella ruficollis.png|Illustration of N. d. ruficollis File:The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella mhorr.png|Illustration of N. d. mhorr The numbers of this species in the wild have fallen by 80% over the last decade. , the IUCN lists it as critically endangered with a wild population of no more than 250. It occurs in poor countries and little action is taken to protect the species. The national parks are not well guarded, and poaching still occurs. It has been extirpated from Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Nigeria. Populations remain in Chad, Mali and Niger, and it has been reintroduced in Senegal and Tunisia. ==Threats to survival==

Biological threats The Dama gazelle does not need a lot of water, but it needs more than other desert animals. It is not as resistant and perishes from a lack of water during the drought season. The environment has become ill-suited for it. Habitat pressure from pastoral activity is another reason for decline, as are introduced diseases from livestock. Human threats Another reason for the decline of the dama gazelle is habitat destruction. Humans cut down the branches of the trees on which this gazelle feeds. As a result, the trees die and the gazelle cannot eat. Human threats are the most dangerous of threats to the dama gazelle. The main reason this species of gazelle is endangered is because of mechanized hunting; hunters using vehicles increase its decline. Civil unrest, for instance in Sudan, also negatively affects the life of the dama gazelle. Since the gazelle is already having a hard time surviving, these conditions have made its habitat unsuitable. A potential threat the dama gazelle faces is tourism. Tourists want to take pictures of this endangered species, and in doing so, may be perceived as a threat, especially during the hot season. Gazelles will run away from perceived danger, and in the hot season may overheat and die of stress. ==Conservation efforts==

Relatively few actions have been taken in the conservation of the dama gazelle. Another reserve for the mhorr subspecies was set up in Chad, the Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achime Faunal Reserve. a male from the reserve was captured to join them, two more gazelles were brought from Manga and over time more gazelles from the reserve were added and five captive bred dama gazelles were also flown in, from the Deleika Wildlife Conservation Centre in Abu Dhabi, after growing to 29, in 2023 6 gazelles were satellite tagged and released into the reserve. Captive breeding is a very popular way to help an endangered species repopulate. The species reproduces in captivity, but the small founder population potentially presents a problem and may result in inbreeding. Several hundred additional animals that are not managed as part of the studbooks are kept privately, especially in Texas. Few substantial in situ conservation efforts have been mounted due to the political situation in their currently fragmented habitat. The survival of this species in the wild depends on more reserves being created in the Sahelian and Saharan zones and better protection in the reserves that do exist. Twenty-four gazelles were released in a semi-enclosed facility, seven of which were monitored with telemetry collars. During the course of the project, animals experienced a poaching event, resulting in the deaths of three animals. Additionally, seven animals were killed by domestic dogs from nearby military outposts, suggesting that the animals do not recognize potential predators. This milestone project proved that reintroduction of wild animals in this part of the world is extremely difficult despite the favourable sentiment of the majority of local communities. File:Mhorr Gazelle, Zoo, Budapest.jpg|Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden, Hungary File:Mohrr-gazelle.jpg|Rotterdam Zoo, the Netherlands File:Gazella dama -Marwell Wildlife, Hampshire, England-8a.jpg|Marwell Zoo, Hampshire, UK File:Dama Gazelle 001.jpg|Addra gazelle at Binder Park Zoo, Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S. File:Phoenix Zoo - Mhorr Gazelle.jpg|Phoenix Zoo, Arizona File:Gazella Dama 2006 09b.jpg|Honolulu Zoo, Hawaii ==References==