Day of Affirmation Address

Kennedy's decision to go to South Africa Kennedy was first invited to give the address at the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS)'s annual "Day of Reaffirmation of Academic and Human Freedom" in the autumn of 1965 by union president Ian Robertson. The "Day of Affirmation" (as it was known in short) was an assembly designed to directly oppose the South African government's policy of Apartheid. Robertson would later say that the idea for Kennedy to come speak came to him in the middle of the night. He had been looking for a foreign speaker, and he thought Kennedy "captured the idealism [and] the passion of young people all over the world." The South African government was hesitant to let Kennedy speak but eventually granted him a visa for fear of snubbing a future President of the United States. By the time it arrived five months later, Kennedy had become involved in a political battle in New York. He told Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs J. Wayne Fredericks over the phone that he preferred to wait until after the November elections to travel. Fredericks replied "Go now. If you postpone, it will confirm the idea that that everything takes precedence over Africa." Kennedy called back 20 minutes later, resolved to carry forward with the trip. Margaret H. Marshall, vice president of NUSAS, stood in for Ian Robertson to host Kennedy. The next day Kennedy toured Pretoria. Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd declined to see him and restricted other government ministers from doing so. That evening Kennedy had dinner with South African businessmen, who expressed their confusion over the fact that their country was overlooked by the United States, despite being committed to anti-Communism. In response, Kennedy asked "What does it mean to be against Communism if one's own system denies the value of the individual and gives all power to the government - just as the Communists do?" On June 6, the day of the address, Kennedy met with Ian Robertson and presented him with a copy of John F. Kennedy's book, Profiles in Courage, signed by both himself and Jacqueline Kennedy. ==The address==

Composition In preparation for the address Walinsky wrote a draft, but Kennedy was displeased with it. His advisers recommended that he turn to Allard K. Lowenstein for assistance on South Africa matters. Lowenstein initially declined to assist—he was about to escort the aging Norman Thomas to the Dominican Republic—but at the last minute he agreed to meet Kennedy. Lowenstein bluntly criticized the draft, saying it practically expressed the white views of the South African government and "wasn't attentive to the struggles of the people." Summary Kennedy's approach to talking to South Africans was the discourse of America's own history. This drew laughter and applause from the audience. After thanking the student union for the invitation to speak, Kennedy discussed individual liberty, apartheid, communism, and the need for civil rights. He emphasizes inclusiveness, individual action, and the importance of youth involvement in society. At the climax, he lists four "dangers" that would obstruct the goals of civil rights, equality, and justice. The first is futility, "the belief there is nothing one man or one woman can do against the enormous array of the world's ills." Kennedy counters this idea, stating: The notable phrase "ripple of hope" came shortly thereafter: The second danger was expediency, the idea "that hopes and beliefs must bend before immediate necessities." Kennedy maintained, "that there is no basic inconsistency between ideals and realistic possibilities - no separation between the deepest desires of heart and of mind and the rational application of human effort to human problems." The third danger was timidity. He said, "Moral courage is a rarer commodity than bravery in battle or great intelligence. Yet it is the one essential, vital quality for those who seek to change the world which yields most painfully to change." The fourth and final danger, comfort, "the temptation to follow the easy and familiar path of personal ambition and financial success so grandly spread before those who have the privilege of an education." He said that the current generation could not accept comfort as an option: Kennedy finished his speech by quoting John F. Kennedy's inaugural address: ==Aftermath==

Remainder of trip The last day of the trip took place in Johannesburg with numerous meetings and a Soweto tour. In the morning he met with Albert Lutuli, an anti-Apartheid activist that had been banned from political work and press coverage. From the roof of his car in Soweto, Kennedy gave the crowd the first news they had heard of Lutuli in over five years. Return to America Following his trip to Africa, Kennedy wrote an article in Look magazine titled, "Suppose God is Black?" It was the first time in the United States a national politician condemned apartheid in a widely circulated publication. ==Legacy==

The address is often considered Kennedy's greatest and most famous oration. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. called it "his greatest speech." Frank Taylor of the London Daily Telegraph "the most stirring and memorable address ever to come from a foreigner in South Africa." The phrase "ripple of hope" has become one of the most quoted phrases in American politics. Senator Ted Kennedy, brought up the speech in his eulogy for Robert, saying "What he leaves to us is what he said, what he did, and what he stood for. A speech he made to the young people of South Africa on their Day of Affirmation in 1966 sums it up the best..." The first and final drafts of the speech are in Robert Kennedy's Senate papers, which are held by the John F. Kennedy Library. == Citations ==