1920 to 1933 (), comprising the bulk of Jewish faithful of
mainstream (also called liberal, in today's English terminology 'conservative'),
Orthodox and
Reform affiliation, grew strongly in membership in the second half of the 19th century. With the expansion of Berlin into new neighbourhoods, the need of additional synagogues within a walking distance became urgent. However, the Jewish community could not fulfill all the claims for additional premises, so many private synagogues (Vereinssynagogen, literally synagogues of registered associations) emerged scattered over the city. Most Jews in Prenzlauer Berg, however, could not afford to establish a Vereinssynagoge with their own funds. So in 1902
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin bought the site in and its building master, Johann Hoeniger, was commissioned to design and supervise the building of this new synagogue. Construction started in 1903, and at noon on Sunday, 4 September 1904, the synagogue was inaugurated with
Handel's prelude in D major and the
Ma Tovu prayer led by cantor David Stabinski (1857–1919), Rabbi (1848–1916, illuminating the
ner tamid) and Rabbi
Adolf Rosenzweig (1850–1918) preaching. During World War I
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin engaged Rabbi Martin Joseph as chaplain for Jewish Russian
prisoners of war kept in detention centres at Berlin. On the high holidays the
German High Command allowed them to attend services in Rykestraße Synagogue. while the gabba'im decided to celebrate a special ceremony on Sunday, 29 September 1929. Some congregants formed a registered association for the Rykestraße Synagogue (Synagogenverein Rykestraße), promoting strong company among the congregants, organising meetings, festivities, lectures to this end, cherishing Jewish traditions and collecting and donating money for needy congregants (
Tzedakah), but also demanding a say at employing rabbis and cantors. In 1931 Hugo Alexander presided over the association. In January 1933, Sally Heilbrunn, (1869–1951, Tel Aviv) and Rabbi Moritz Freier gathered 300 people protesting the replacement of
Michael Sachs' Rödelheim
siddur (Siddur Sefat Emet סדור ספת אמת) and machzor by the Berlin unitary siddur and
machzor (Einheitsgebetsbuch). On 25 January the same year Synagogenverein gathered for a lecture and made the case for unitary siddur and machzor, denying aiming at Reform but at restoring the minhag as it used to be until by 1928, claiming that most congregants disliked the traditionalist changes since. In the end the protesters prevailed and the Rödelheim siddur and machzor remained in use in Rykestraße Synagogue until today.
During World War Two The
Nazi dictatorship, with its anti-Semitic discrimination, invidiousnesses, persecutions, and atrocities, changed the lives of German Jewry so thoroughly that disputes on style and traditions fell silent. After the new Nazi government had widely banned Jewish performers, artists and scientists from public stages and lecterns, Rykestraße Synagogue opened for their concerts and lectures organised by
Kulturbund Deutscher Juden or benefit performances by
Jüdisches Winterhilfswerk (Jewish winter aid endowment) in favour of poor Jews, who had been excluded from government benefits. On 16 February 1934, the synagogue choir under Kurt Burchard (1877–1942, Auschwitz) enacted for the first time the new Friday night liturgy that had been composed by Jakob Dymont (1881–1956), choirmaster at Adass Jisroel synagogue. Dymont composed it along the melodies of following the . Also Dymont's Shabbat morning liturgy was presented in the synagogue. For the 30th anniversary of the synagogue, Rudolf Melnitz reported in
Israelitisches Familienblatt that the synagogue had attracted more people and that, with Orthodox and mainstream rabbis officiating, Rykestraße congregation enjoyed a unique richness. Instead the Nazis ordered – as in other comparable sites too – a "mere" vandalisation and destruction of furnishings, since the synagogue is located within a block of residential buildings. A fire ignited and burning
torah scrolls and smashed furniture was soon extinguished before spreading to the actual building. Many windows had been destroyed. Rabbis and other male congregants were arrested and taken to
Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin mended the synagogue, one of the few little-destroyed ones in Berlin, and reopened it on the eve of
Pessach 1939 (3 April). Regular Jewish ceremonies could be held until, on 12 April 1940,
Jüdisches Nachrichtenblatt announced that services would not held be any more in Rykestraße and in the also reopened New Synagogue until further notice. That was the usual way in which Nazi prohibitions were publicised. The Jewish school in the front building was forced to close in 1941. However, the Jewish community formally remained proprietor of the site. In May 1942 the borough of Prenzlauer Berg declared its will to acquire the site paying the ridiculous sum of 191,860
reichsmark (ℛℳ), and effectively on 1 September 1944 the site was conveyanced to the borough. When on 6 May 1943 the Jewish community applied at the
Gestapo for a sale permission, since all its property was under custodianship as were any sales proceeds, it named the
Heeresstandortverwaltung I Berlin (German Army garrison administration no. I) as the tenant of the entire site, except for two little apartments in the front building still rented out to residential tenants. The oft-mentioned usage of the synagogue by the
Wehrmacht as a horse barn is unproven and unlikely. There were no premises and remainders found in the synagogue indicating that usage. Instead it is reported that furniture was stored in the prayer hall. The furnishings (chandeliers, lustres,
menorot, ner tamid, cupper coverings of doors) of the synagogue made from non-ferrous metal, which was scarce and much needed for war production, were not dismantled.
Post WWII The prayer hall lacked most of its benches, and the
aron kodesh was screened off by a raw provisional wall built after April 1940. Sanitary installations had been dismantled and the destroyed windows exposed the interior to the impact of weather. (1899–1950,
Soviet Gulag), who survived the
Shoah living underground, the new president of
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin much promoted the reopening of Rykestraße Synagogue. He informed the city council that on Friday, 13 July 1945, the first shabbat ceremony was held, also attended by Soviet City Commander
Nikolai Berzarin, however using the better preserved and smaller weekday prayer hall. On 29 July 1945 Rabbi could celebrate the first Jewish wedding there since the closure of the synagogue in 1940. Jewish
displaced persons, who survived the
Shoa and were stranded in Berlin, used to live in the front building. The great prayer hall was provisionally refurnished with benches. A new central
bimah replaced the original one located directly in front of the aron qodesh and thus also screened off by the wall. Services were held on
Rosh Hashana 1945 and Pessach 1946, before another closure for a more serious refurbish 1946/1947.
In the GDR era of the
aron qodesh. In 1952
Heinz Galinski, since 1949 the president of still´undivided
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin, commissioned Heinz Juliusberger, head of its construction department, to prepare and supervise an extensive renovation of the synagogue, being the sole functioning synagogue in the
eastern sector of Berlin. Material unavailable in the communist planning system, such as zinc to repair the roof, were bought in
West Berlin and brought over. The provisional wall was demolished reopening the access to the aron qodesh and the original bimah, so that the central bimah, disliked by Riesenburger, could be removed again. During the course of the anti-Semitic campaigns in Czechoslovakia during the
Slánský trial,
GDR authorities arrested and interrogated Jews living in East Germany. The
Stasi searched community offices all over the GDR, leading to renewed exodus from the GDR by Jews. West Berlin permitted these migrants and within several months, between 500 and 600 Jews crossed over. Berlin's Chief Rabbi then urged Galinski, who rather maintained a low political profile after the Soviets had deported his predecessor, to warn Jews in the east of the upcoming persecution, which he did by way of a press conference held in West Berlin.
Communist Volkskammer deputy (1909–1979), president of the union of Jewish congregations in East Germany (not including
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin), was interrogated between 6 and 8 January, when GDR officials prompted him to declare in the name of the Jewish community that there is no anti-Semitism in communist states, that Israel is a fascist state and that he acknowledges the Slánský trial. Meyer refused and fled to West Berlin in the night after the
Doctors' plot started on 13 January 1953. Hoping to spare themselves from further persecution, members of
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin in East Berlin formed a new provisional executive board only competent for the eastern sector on 21 January, thus establishing
Jüdische Gemeinde von Groß-Berlin (i.e. Jewish congregation of Greater Berlin), dividing Berlin's Jewish community. Rykestraße congregant Georg Heilbrunn (1887–1971; brother of the aforementioned Sally Heilbrunn), president of the Rykestraße gabba'im, was elected member of the East Berlin community board. On 25 January the GDR started a wave of arrests of Jews. So there were
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin and
Jüdische Gemeinde von Groß-Berlin, one western one eastern, when Riesenburger re-inaugurated Rykestraße Synagogue on Sunday, 30 August 1953, giving it the name "Friedenstempel" (English: Temple of Peace). Georg Heilbrunn and Israel Rothmann held speeches, the latter praising the great Soviet Union and the
GDR government. The latter sent
Arnold Zweig and
Robert Havemann as its representatives. However, an arson attack on the day before cast a pall on the re-inauguration. The naming "Friedenstempel" did not prevail. Further repairs followed in 1957 and 1967, but funds for houses of worship were in short supply from an atheist-oriented government. After the erection of the
Berlin Wall the number of members of the Jewish community in the eastern sector of Berlin amounted to about 3,000 persons. On Sunday, 11 March 1962, Rabbi Riesenburger, who was also an organist, inaugurated an organ installed for the first time in the preserved location, which he played in concerts of traditional Berlin synagogal organ music. Still in use today, this instrument, a single keyboarded church organ of famous (Frankfurt upon Oder) is used sometimes for concerts and some religious services as wedding ceremonies. On Tuesday, 1 September 1964,
Jüdische Gemeinde von Groß-Berlin celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Synagogue. Leipzig's Jewish cantor directed the concert of the accompanied by West Berlin's cantors (1918–2000) or (1921–2004), with Riesenburger preaching. After his death in 1965 Riesenburger was succeeded by Rabbi Ödön Singer. After he returned to Hungary in 1969 the position remained vacant. On 21 September 1976 East Berlin registered Rykestraße Synagogue as a monument, so public subsidies flowed for the renovations in 1986/1987. On Rosh haShana 1987 (23 September) Isaac Newman assumed his office as rabbi for
Jüdische Gemeinde von Berlin (after 1970 the
Groß had been skipped). However, congregation and rabbi were disappointed of each other so Newman returned to the United States in May 1988. On 25 February 1988 the GDR government reversed the property transfer of 1944, thus
Jüdische Gemeinde von Berlin (East) held again property title to the Synagogue. However, as the long practice showed since 1945, it was not the property title, in any case it was discretionarily not respected by the communist East German rulers, which allows the de facto usage, but usage depended on the pure goodwill of the rulers. By 1990 the community counted a mere 200 members and no longer had a rabbi. On 1 January 1991 the small
Jüdische Gemeinde von Berlin (East) and the much bigger
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin (West) reunited.
After unification On 12 September 2004, the centenary of Rykestrasse synagogue was solemnly celebrated, cantor Jochen Fahlenkamp singing "Adoshem Malach" by former Rykestrasse choir conductor and composer Jakob Dymont (1860–1956). The synagogue's interior, which now seats up to 1,074 people, originally sat 2,000. After more than a year of work to restore its prewar splendor, it was rededicated on 31 August 2007, this time as an Orthodox synagogue, with separate seating and an
Orthodox Minyan. The inauguration saw rabbis bringing the
Torah to the synagogue, in a ceremony witnessed by political leaders and
Holocaust survivors from around the world. "It is now the most beautiful synagogue in Germany," the cultural affairs director of the
Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin, Peter Sauerbaum, said. Today, Berlin has the largest Jewish community in Germany, with 12,000 registered members and eight synagogues.
Visiting the synagogue Public tours through the Rykestrasse Synagogue are available on Thursdays between 14:00 and 18:00 and Sundays between 11:00 and 16:00. Tours are offered in German; an English tour starts at 16:00 on Thursdays. Entry is permitted until 17:30 pm and no entry is permitted at any other time. Services are held on Friday nights and Saturday mornings. The Synagogue can easily be accessed by public transport through the underground line U2 (stations
Senefelderplatz and
Eberswalder Strasse) and the tramway line M2 (stations Knaackstrasse and Marienburger Strasse). == Clergy ==