Αα (alpha) • \alpha represents: • the first
angle in a
triangle, opposite the side
a • the
statistical significance of a result • the
false positive rate in statistics ("Type I" error) • the
fine-structure constant in physics • the
angle of attack of an aircraft • an
alpha particle (He2+) •
angular acceleration in physics • the
linear thermal expansion coefficient • the
thermal diffusivity • In
organic chemistry the α-carbon is the backbone carbon next to the carbonyl carbon, most often for
amino acids •
right ascension in
astronomy • the brightest star in a constellation •
Iron ferrite and numerous phases within materials science • the
return in excess of the compensation for the risk borne in investment • the
α-conversion in
lambda calculus • the
independence number of a graph • a placeholder for
ordinal numbers in
mathematical logic • a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter
noradrenaline in
neuroscience Ββ (beta) • \Beta represents the
beta function • \beta represents: • the
thermodynamic beta, equal to (
kB
T)−1, where
kB is the Boltzmann constant and
T is the absolute temperature. • the second angle in a
triangle, opposite the side
b • the
standardized regression coefficient for predictor or independent variables in
linear regression (unstandardized regression coefficients are represented with the lower-case Latin b, but are often called "betas" as well) • the ratio of collector current to base current in a bipolar junction
transistor (BJT) in electronics (current gain) • the
false negative rate in statistics ("Type II" error) • the
beta coefficient, the non-diversifiable risk, of an asset in
mathematical finance • the
sideslip angle of an airplane • a
beta particle (e− or e+) • the beta brain wave in
brain or
cognitive sciences •
ecliptic latitude in
astronomy • the ratio of
plasma pressure to magnetic pressure in
plasma physics •
β-reduction in
lambda calculus • the ratio of the velocity of an object to the
speed of light as used in the
Lorentz factor • a type of receptor for the
noradrenaline neurotransmitter in
neuroscience Γγ (gamma) • \Gamma represents: • the
circulation in
fluid dynamics • the
reflection coefficient of a transmission or telecommunication line. • the confinement factor of an optical mode in a
waveguide • the
gamma function, a generalization of the
factorial • the
upper incomplete gamma function • the
modular group, the group of fractional linear transformations • the
gamma distribution, a continuous probability distribution defined using the
gamma function •
second-order sensitivity to price in
mathematical finance • the
Christoffel symbols that describe components of a metric connection • the stack alphabet in the formal definition of a
pushdown automaton, or the tape-alphabet in the formal definition of a
Turing machine • the
Feferman–Schütte ordinal Γ0 • atmospheric
lapse rates in
meteorology • \gamma represents: • the
specific weight of substances • the
lower incomplete gamma function • the third angle in a
triangle, opposite the side
c • the
Euler–Mascheroni constant in mathematics •
gamma rays and the
photon • the
heat capacity ratio in
thermodynamics • the
Lorentz factor in special relativity • the
flight path angle of an airplane
Δδ (delta) • \Delta represents: • a
finite difference • a
difference operator • a
symmetric difference • the
Laplace operator • giving heat in a
chemical reaction • the angle that subtends the arc of a circular curve in
surveying • the maximum
degree of any vertex in a given
graph •
sensitivity to price in
mathematical finance • the
discriminant of a polynomial (in a quadratic polynomial determines the nature of the roots) • \delta represents: •
percent error • a variation in the
calculus of variations • the
Kronecker delta function • the
Feigenbaum constants • the
force of interest in
mathematical finance • the
Dirac delta function • the
receptor which
enkephalins have the highest affinity for in
pharmacology • the
Skorokhod integral in
Malliavin calculus, a subfield of stochastic analysis • the minimum
degree of any vertex in a given
graph • a
partial charge. δ− represents a negative partial charge, and δ+ represents a positive partial charge in
chemistry(See also:
Solvation) • the
chemical shift of an atomic nucleus in
NMR spectroscopy. For protons, this is relative to
tetramethylsilane = 0 •
stable isotope compositions •
declination in
astronomy • in
set theory, the limit
ordinal of the sequence \omega,\omega^{\omega},\omega^{\omega^{\omega}},\dots • in
computer science, the
empty string • the
Levi-Civita symbol • in
electromagnetics,
dielectric permittivity •
emissivity •
strain in
continuum mechanics •
permittivity • the Earth's
axial tilt in
astronomy •
elasticity in
economics •
electromotive force • in
chemistry, the
molar extinction coefficient of a
chromophore • in mathematics, a
surreal number that is bigger than zero, but smaller than all positive real numbers. •
set membership symbol ∈ is based on ε
(digamma) • is sometimes used to represent the
digamma function, though the Latin letter F (which is nearly identical) is usually substituted. • A hypothetical particle Ϝ speculated to be implicated in the
750 GeV diphoton excess, now known to be simply a statistical anomaly
Ζζ (zeta) • \zeta represents: • the
Riemann zeta function and other
zeta functions in mathematics • the
damping ratio • the value for the
Zeta potential, i.e., the electrical potential at the slipping plane, used often in
colloidal chemistry Ηη (eta) • \Eta represents: • the Eta function of
Ludwig Boltzmann's
H-theorem ("Eta" theorem), in
statistical mechanics •
Information theoretic (Shannon) entropy • \eta represents: • the intrinsic
wave impedance of a medium (e.g. the
impedance of free space) • the partial
regression coefficient in statistics, also interpreted as an
effect size measure for
analyses of variance • the
eta meson •
viscosity •
energy conversion efficiency •
efficiency (physics) • the
Minkowski metric tensor in relativity •
η-conversion in
lambda calculus • the
learning rate in machine learning and statistics • the
hapticity of a
coordination complex ligand Θθ (theta) • \Theta (uppercase) represents: • an asymptotically tight bound related to
big O notation. •
sensitivity to the passage of time in
mathematical finance • in
set theory, a
certain ordinal number •
Heaviside step function • \theta (lowercase) represents: • a
plane angle in
geometry • the
angle to the
x axis in the
xy-
plane in
spherical or
cylindrical coordinates (mathematics) • the
angle to the
z axis in
spherical coordinates (physics) • the
potential temperature in thermodynamics •
theta functions • the angle of a scattered photon during a
Compton scattering interaction • the
angular displacement of a particle rotating about an axis • the
Watterson estimator in population genetics • the
thermal resistance between two bodies • \vartheta ("script theta"), the cursive form of theta, often used in handwriting, represents • the first
Chebyshev function in
number theory •
Theta role in linguistics
Ιι (iota) • \iota represents: • an
inclusion map in
set theory • the
index generator function in
APL (in the form ⍳) • the
interior product Κκ (kappa) • \Kappa represents: • the
Kappa number, indicating lignin content in pulp • \kappa represents: • the
Von Kármán constant, describing the velocity profile of turbulent flow • the
kappa curve, a two-dimensional algebraic curve • the
condition number of a
matrix in
numerical analysis • the
connectivity of a
graph in
graph theory •
curvature •
dielectric constant (\varepsilon / \varepsilon_0) •
thermal conductivity (usually a lowercase Latin k) •
electrical conductivity of a solution •
thermal diffusivity • a
spring constant (usually a lowercase Latin k) • the
heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics (usually \gamma) • the
receptor which
dynorphins have the highest affinity for in
pharmacology Λλ (lambda) • \Lambda represents: • the
Lebesgue constant, a bound for the interpolation error • the
von Mangoldt function in
number theory • the set of logical axioms in the
axiomatic method of logical deduction in
first-order logic • the
cosmological constant • the
lambda baryon • a diagonal matrix of
eigenvalues in
linear algebra • a
lattice •
molar conductivity in electrochemistry •
Iwasawa algebra • \lambda represents: • one
wavelength of electromagnetic radiation • the
decay constant in radioactivity
Μμ (mu) • \mu represents: • the
Möbius function in
number theory • the population
mean or
expected value in
probability and
statistics • a
measure in
measure theory •
micro-, an
SI prefix denoting 10−6 (one millionth) •
Micrometre or micron (retired in 1967 as a standalone symbol, replaced by "μm" using the standard SI meaning) • the
coefficient of friction in
physics • the
service rate in
queueing theory • the
dynamic viscosity in physics • magnetic
permeability in
electromagnetics • a
muon •
reduced mass • the
ion mobility in
plasma physics • the
Standard gravitational parameter in
celestial mechanics •
population mean in
statistics •
chemical potential in
thermodynamics •
Absorption coefficient •
Amplification factor •
Magnetic moment of a
dipole •
degrees of freedom in
statistics • the
matching number of a
graph • the
p-adic valuation of a number
Ξξ (xi) • \Xi represents: • the original
Riemann Xi function, i.e. Riemann's lower case ξ, as denoted by
Edmund Landau and currently • the
xi baryon • \xi represents: • the original
Riemann Xi function • the modified definition of Riemann xi function, as denoted by Edmund Landau • the
extent of reaction Οο (omicron) • \Omicron represents: • O (for "Ordnung") in
Donald Knuth's reading of the
big O notation Ππ (pi) • \Pi represents: • the
product operator in mathematics • a
plane • the unary projection operation in
relational algebra • the Pi function, i.e. the
Gamma function when offset to coincide with the factorial • the
complete elliptic integral of the third kind • the
fundamental groupoid •
osmotic pressure • \pi represents: •
Archimedes' constant (more commonly just called Pi), the ratio of a
circle's
circumference to its
diameter • the
prime-counting function • the state distribution of a
Markov chain • in
reinforcement learning, a policy function defining how a
software agent behaves for each possible state of its environment • a type of
covalent bond in chemistry (
pi bond) • a
pion (pi meson) in particle physics • in
statistics, the
population proportion •
nucleotide diversity in molecular genetics • in electronics, a special type of
small-signal model is referred to as a
hybrid-pi model • in discrete mathematics, a
permutation •
Projection •
parallax in astronomy • \varpi (a graphic variant, see
pomega) represents: •
angular frequency of a
wave, in
fluid dynamics (angular frequency is usually represented by \omega but this may be confused with
vorticity in a fluid dynamics context) •
longitude of pericenter, in
astronomy •
comoving distance, in cosmology • the
lemniscate constant Ρρ (rho) • \Rho represents: • one of the
Gegenbauer functions in analytic number theory (may be replaced by the capital form of the Latin letter P). • \rho represents: • one of the
Gegenbauer functions in analytic number theory. • the
Dickman–de Bruijn function • the
radius in a
polar,
cylindrical, or
spherical coordinate system • the
correlation coefficient in
statistics • the
radius of convergence in
real analysis • the
sensitivity to interest rate in
mathematical finance •
density (mass or charge per unit volume; may be replaced by the capital form of the Latin letter D) • one
Turn (angle) measured in radians •
Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, a measure of
rank correlation in statistics •
Ramanujan's tau function in
number theory •
shear stress in
continuum mechanics ϒυ (upsilon) • \Upsilon (U+03D2) represents: • the
upsilon meson Φφ (phi) • \Phi represents: • the
work function in physics; the energy required by a photon to remove an electron from the surface of a metal •
magnetic flux or
electric flux • the
cumulative distribution function of the
normal distribution in statistics •
phenyl functional group in organic chemistry (
pseudoelement symbol) • the
reciprocal of the
golden ratio (represented by \phi, below), also represented as 1/\phi • the value of the integration of information in a system (based on
integrated information theory) •
Geopotential • Alternative symbol for a
wave function in
quantum mechanics Note: The
empty set symbol ∅ looks similar, but is unrelated to the Greek letter. • \phi or \varphi represents: • the
golden ratio 1.618... in mathematics, art, and architecture •
Euler's totient function in number theory • the argument of a
complex number in mathematics • the value of a
plane angle in physics and mathematics • the
angle to the
z axis in
spherical coordinates (mathematics) • epoch or
phase difference between two waves or vectors • the
angle to the
x axis in the
xy-
plane in
spherical or
cylindrical coordinates (physics) •
latitude in
geodesy •
radiant flux •
neutron flux •
Potential energy •
electric potential • a
scalar field in
quantum field theory • the
probability density function of the
normal distribution in statistics • the
Veblen functions
Χχ (chi) • \chi represents: • the
chi distribution in
statistics (\chi^2 is the more frequently encountered
chi-squared distribution) • the
chromatic number of a graph in
graph theory • the
Euler characteristic in
algebraic topology •
electronegativity in the
periodic table • the Fourier transform of a
linear response function • a
character in
mathematics; especially a
Dirichlet character in
number theory • sometimes the
mole fraction • a characteristic or
indicator function in mathematics • the
magnetic susceptibility of a material in physics • the fission neutron energy spectrum in
neutron transport Ψψ (psi) • \Psi represents: • a quaternary combinator in
combinatory logic • a symbol for
psychology • the
wave function in the
Schrödinger equation of
quantum mechanics • the second
Chebyshev function in
number theory • the
polygamma function in
mathematics •
the supergolden ratio • In
circadian physiology, ψ represents the phase relationship between a
zeitgeber and a
biological rhythm. • In
virology the ψ site is a viral packaging signal. •
Water potential in movement of water between plant cells.
Ωω (omega) • \Omega represents: •
Absolute infinite • the
SI unit measure of
electrical resistance, the
ohm • an asymptotic lower bound notation related to
big O notation • in
probability theory and
statistical mechanics, the
support • a
solid angle • the
first uncountable ordinal (also written as ω1) •
Chaitin's constant for a given computer program • the
vacuum state in
quantum field theory • \omega represents: •
angular velocity /
radian frequency (rad/sec) • the symbol ϖ, a graphic variant of π, is sometimes construed as omega with a bar over it; see
π • the
unsaturated fats nomenclature in biochemistry (e.g.
ω−3 fatty acids) • the first uncountable ordinal \omega_1 (also written as Ω) • the
clique number (number of vertices in a maximum clique) of a graph in
graph theory == See also ==